Efficiencies of Cycling Lithium on a Lithium Substrate in Propylene Carbonate

Rauh, R. D.; Reise, T. F.; Brummer, S. B.

doi:10.1149/1.2131410

Cited by 59 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…3c) totalling 17% porosity for the carbonate-based electrolyte. The high amounts of isolated References not cited elsewhere in the text are collected here: [105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124] .…”

Section: Connecting LI Morphological Trends With Cementioning

confidence: 99%

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Moving beyond 99.9% Coulombic efficiency for lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes

et al. 2021

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Section: Connecting LI Morphological Trends With Cementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cycling protocols and additional details (current collector, current density, cell construction) can be found in Supplementary Data. References not cited elsewhere in the text are collected here:[105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124] .…”

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Moving beyond 99.9% Coulombic efficiency for lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes

et al. 2021

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“…There are many reports on electrochemical lithium deposition/dissolution 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 . Lithium metal electrodes have drawbacks of short circuiting and poor cyclability due to lithium “dendrite” formed during the electrochemical deposition.…”

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In situ Microscopic Observation of Sodium Deposition/Dissolution on Sodium Electrode

Yui

Hayashi

Nakamura

2016

Sci Rep

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Electrochemical sodium deposition/dissolution behaviors in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte solution were observed by means of in situ light microscopy. First, granular sodium was deposited at pits in a sodium electrode in the cathodic process. Then, the sodium particles grew linearly from the electrode surface, becoming needle-like in shape. In the subsequent anodic process, the sodium dissolved near the base of the needles on the sodium electrode and the so-called "dead sodium" broke away from the electrode. The mechanisms of electrochemical sodium deposition and dissolution on a copper electrode were similar to those on the sodium electrode.Lithium-ion batteries are used for power sources in mobile devices and electric vehicles, and the demand for them is likely to increase. However, since lithium is not an abundant metal, it is expensive 1 . On the other hand, sodium is abundant and cheap, and interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has been growing 1 . Various materials have been studied for use as a SIB's cathode or anode [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Most of these studies have been conducted on a half-cell system comprising a working electrode (WE), a counter electrode (CE), and if necessary, a reference electrode (RE). The WE contains the cathode or anode materials. In general, sodium metal sheets are used for the CE in the half-cell system. Using Na as the anode material is conceivable, but this would be difficult in practice because of safety issues.There are many reports on electrochemical lithium deposition/dissolution [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . Lithium metal electrodes have drawbacks of short circuiting and poor cyclability due to lithium "dendrite" formed during the electrochemical deposition. As reported in ref. 18 , the process of electrochemical lithium deposition in an electrolyte solution of LiAsF 2 /ethylene carbonate-2-methyltetra-hydrofuran at 0.5 mA/cm 2 is as follows. Lithium grows from the base of the lithium electrode and creates kinks. Consequently, the shape of deposited lithium becomes dendritic. Then, lithium starts to deposit on the tip and at kink points of the lithium dendrite. The shape of the deposited lithium is particle-like. The process of electrochemical dissolution of the lithium dendrite is as follows 18 . The particle-like lithium on the tips and at kink points is dissolved. Then, the base of the dendrite is dissolved and the dendrite becomes "dead lithium". This is a one of the causes of the poor reversibility of lithium metal electrodes. In addition, studies of the shape of electrochemically deposited lithium in various kinds of electrolyte have indicated electrolyte dependence of the shape 22-24 .As describe above, there is accumulated scientific knowledge about electrochemical lithium deposition/dissolution. However, there are few reports 25 on electrochemical sodium deposition/dissolution. It is important to understand behaviors, such as shape change during cycling, reversibility, and coulombic efficiency, to advance the development of SIBs...

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“…The effects of organic solvents on Coulombic efficiencies have been widely investigated . Table 1 lists the Coulombic efficiencies of electrolytes with the same Li salt, LiAsF 6 .…”

Section: Electrolyte Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of the Lithium Metal Anode for Rechargeable Non‐Aqueous Batteries

Zhang

Lee

Park

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

324

150

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Thus, practical applications of Li batteries have been limited over the past 50 years.We have gained a substantial amount of information about the nucleation and growth process of Li dendrites and the SEI fi lm over time, [5][6][7][8] and many attempts have been made to inhibit Li dendrites and improve cycling performance. This has led to a revival of Li metal batteries. [9][10][11][12][13] According to previous studies, Li dendrite originates from uneven Li deposition and dissolution. When ionic concentrations at the anode surface becomes zero at Sand's time, cations and anions in the liquid electrolyte show different behaviors, leading to excessive Li + ions at the surface. [ 14,15 ] At this point, lithium nucleates and grows dendritically as a function of current density and interfacial elastic strength. [ 5 ] Initial growth of Li dendrites promotes interfacial contacts between the Li anode, the separator, and the electrolyte, which decreases cell resistance. [ 15 ] However, further growth of Li dendrites may puncture the separator, leading to a short circuit of a cell. It is very important, therefore, to constrain the growth of dendrites in order to eliminate safety hazards associated with the Li anode.From decades of research, it is known that low current density, fl exible SEI fi lm, high Li + transference number (t Li + ), and large shear modulus of electrolytes can suppress the growth of Li dendrite. Many methods have been adopted enabling to increase the surface area of the Li anode to reduce the effective current density, use a single ion conductor (SIC) as an electrolyte to enhance t Li + , form a suitable SEI fi lm, employ quasi-solid or all-solid state electrolytes to promote the shear modulus, and coat the Li anode to avoid direct contact between the anode and the electrolyte. [ 1,3,16 ] Now, it is required to systematically summarize them to gain insights for better and more creative solutions. This review summarizes recent studies about the modifi cation of the electrolyte and the Li anode for Li batteries. Their design concepts and preparation methods are introduced, and the resulting effects on electrochemical performance are discussed in details. Simultaneously, challenges and future perspectives of Li batteries are also outlined. Electrolyte Modifi cationElectrolytes can be divided into three states: liquid, quasi-solid, and all-solid. [ 17 ] Quasi-solid and all-solid state electrolytes have Over the last 40 years, metallic lithium as an anode material has been of great interest owing to its high energy density. However, dendritic lithium growth causes serious safety issues. Awareness and understanding of the Li deposition and stripping processes have grown rapidly especially in recent years, and consequently, there have been many attempts to suppress the Li dendrites. Recent developments that have modifi ed the electrolytes and the Li anode in order to inhibit the growth of Li dendrite and improve cycling performance are summarized. It has been shown that current density, solid-electrolyte in...

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Efficiencies of Cycling Lithium on a Lithium Substrate in Propylene Carbonate

Cited by 59 publications

References 13 publications

Moving beyond 99.9% Coulombic efficiency for lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes

Moving beyond 99.9% Coulombic efficiency for lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes

In situ Microscopic Observation of Sodium Deposition/Dissolution on Sodium Electrode

Recent Developments of the Lithium Metal Anode for Rechargeable Non‐Aqueous Batteries

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