Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstakiin control of Cydia pomonella (L.) in Turkey

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) release with as well as without Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) in biological control of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Galaxy Gala apple variety grafted onto M9 rootstock in 2016. Four treatments were analyzed: releasing T. evanescens alone (TE), applying B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BT) alone, applying both (TE + BT), and a control (C) without any application at all. The experiment design entailed randomized blocks with four replicates. In each generation of the egg stage, 100,000 parasitoids per hectare were released twice (1440 parasitoids/plot), with an interval of 7-10 days. In the larval stage, BT was applied twice for the first generation and once for the second. Weekly counts were performed regularly. The decrease in egg count was 52.15% in TE, 58.99% in BT, and 65.46% in TE + BT plots. The decrease observed in larval numbers was 68%, 73.33%, and 94.66%, respectively. Egg parasitization rates varied between 58.64% and 69.79%. At harvest, fruit infestation rates were 9.66% and 8.33% in TE and BT plots and just 2.0% in the TE + BT plot, versus 34% in the control plot. Promising results were achieved in biological control of C. pomonella when TE was combined with BT. The combined treatment of both biological control agents significantly decreased the population of the pests and crop damage. The natural enemy alone was not effective in keeping the population below the economic threshold level.

Dissipation and the effects of thidiazuron on antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content in strawberry

“…An important aspect of horticulture is the cultivation of plants for food, fiber, biofuel, medicine and other products used to sustain and enhance human life . A variety of protection and defense systems are implemented during the growth and developmental processes of plants to resist the stresses of drought, salinity, environmental pollution, pests and weeds.…”

Compatibility of Bio and Natural Compounds with Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) for Pieris rapae Management in Cauliflower

“…AlSaedi et al [34] reported that B. thuringiensis was not harmful for the parasitoids as proven by the highest parasitism rates of two species of Trichogramma parasitoids on Tuta absoluta infesting tomato in greenhouse. T. evanescens was highly effective on suppressing the Cydia pomonella (L.) in apple plantations when the parasitoid releases were combined with B. thuringiensis than either of the agents being used alone [35][36][37]. The results from the current study revealed that B. thuringiensis had no adverse effect on Trichogramma.…”

Biology and Laboratory Rearing of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Its Natural Host “Green Immature Apple” Malus domestica (Borkh) (Rosales: Rosaceae)

“…The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is serious pest of apple fruits. Larvae feed on the fruit directly, creating spiral galleries towards the seed chamber of fruit and severely effects quality of fruit by feeding in the mesocarp of the apple and in the kernel (Beers et al, 2003;Öztemiz et al, 2017). Without any plant protection measures, damage may reach 60-95% of apple production (Kuyulu and Genç, 2018).…”

“…Since it has been known as important pest, several studies have been conducted related to its distribution (Jiang et al, 2018), genetic structure (Meraner et al, 2008;Men et al, 2013), insecticide resistance (İşçi and Ay, 2017;Bosch et al, 2018), biological control (Öztemiz et al, 2017;Sigsgaard et al, 2017), mating disruption (Kovanci, 2015;McGhee et al, 2016), and field studies (Pajač et al, 2012;Blomefield and Gliomee, 2012).…”