Efficacy of the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose in the Elderly

Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Lippi, Giuseppe

doi:10.3390/vaccines11020213

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…During the vaccination campaign, a multitude of data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real-world observational studies emerged, providing insights into the efficacy and safety of registered vaccines globally [ 32 ]. The evidence available today demonstrates the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the risk of developing symptomatic disease, surpassing the efficacy rates of other vaccines, such as influenza vaccines (around 50–60% efficacy), and effectively preventing severe disease, hospitalizations, and deaths [ 22 , 33 , 34 ] associated with COVID-19. In 2021, across 90 countries, Liang et al [ 35 ] showed that for every 10% increase in COVID-19 vaccine coverage, the mortality rate could be reduced by 8%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19 Burden of Disease in the Adult and Elderly Population: A Systematic Review of Italian Evidence

et al. 2023

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COVID-19 is a major global health threat, with millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Containment and mitigation strategies, including vaccination, have been implemented to reduce transmission and protect the population. We conducted two systematic reviews to collect nonrandomized studies investigating the effects of vaccination on COVID-19-related complications and deaths in the Italian population. We considered studies conducted in Italian settings and written in English that contained data on the effects of vaccination on COVID-19-related mortality and complications. We excluded studies that pertained to the pediatric population. In total, we included 10 unique studies in our two systematic reviews. The results showed that fully vaccinated individuals had a lower risk of death, severe symptoms, and hospitalization compared to unvaccinated individuals. The review also looked at the impact of vaccination on post-COVID-19 syndrome, the effectiveness of booster doses in older individuals, and nationwide adverse events. Our work highlights the crucial role that vaccination campaigns have played in reducing the burden of COVID-19 disease in the Italian adult population, positively impacting the pandemic trajectory in Italy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19 Burden of Disease in the Adult and Elderly Population: A Systematic Review of Italian Evidence

et al. 2023

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“…So, the mutated antigen is the culprit, not the original antigen (Figure 1D). [25] conducted a review of the analyses of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in older persons who received the second booster compared to unvaccinated people and those who received only a single COVID-19 vaccine booster. The second vaccine booster maintained high effectiveness against adverse COVID-19 outcomes such as hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death (i.e., between 77 and 86%) and also showed an efficacy around 10% higher than the single booster.…”

Section: Immunologic Reasons Challenging Oas Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficacy of the second vaccine booster declined over time, decreasing by 33–46% when assessed at >120 days from administration. The results of these ad interim analyses of the ongoing Italian nationwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign suggested that regular boosting with COVID-19 vaccines may be advisable for older persons [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contemporaneous SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibodies Mediated by N-glycan Shields

Baghaie,

Leroy,

Sheikhi

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Mutations and the glycosylation of epitopes can convert immunogenic epitopes into non-immunogenic ones via natural selection or evolutionary pressure, thereby decreasing their sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. Based on Thomas Francis’s theory, memory B and T cells induced during primary infections or vaccination will freeze the new mutated epitopes specific to naïve B and T cells from the repertoire. On this basis, some researchers argue that the current vaccines derived from the previous strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus do not increase immunity and may also prevent the immune response against new epitopes. However, evidence shows that even if the binding affinity is reduced, the previous antibodies or T cell receptors (TCRs) can still bind to this new epitope of the Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant if their concentration is high enough (from a booster injection) and neutralize the virus. This paper presents some convincing immunological reasons that may challenge this theory and argue for the continuation of universal vaccination to prevent further mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Simultaneously, the information presented can be used to develop vaccines that target novel epitopes or create new recombinant drugs that do not lose their effectiveness when the virus mutates.

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Do we need coronavirus vaccination today?

Tikhomirova,

Kharit

2023

jour

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The World Health Organization announced on May 4, 2023 that coronavirus infection is no longer a global emergency, but despite this, it proposed a strategy for 2023-2025 that includes the definition of immunization principles by each country, the need for case registrations and surveillance behind the virus. The review article presents data on high-risk groups for a severe course of a SARS-CoV-2 and new approaches to vaccination and revaccination recommended by WHO on depending on risk factors in patients and circulating new strains of the virus.

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Efficacy of the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose in the Elderly

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19 Burden of Disease in the Adult and Elderly Population: A Systematic Review of Italian Evidence

The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19 Burden of Disease in the Adult and Elderly Population: A Systematic Review of Italian Evidence

Contemporaneous SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibodies Mediated by N-glycan Shields

Do we need coronavirus vaccination today?

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