Efficacy of Mycotoxin Detoxifiers on Health and Growth of Newly-Weaned Pigs under Chronic Dietary Challenge of Deoxynivalenol

Abstract

The efficacy of yeast-based mycotoxin detoxifiers on health and growth performance of newly-weaned pigs (27-d-old) fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol was investigated. Sixty pigs were individually assigned to five treatments for 34 d: NC (negative control, 1.2 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol); PC (positive control, 3.2 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol); CYC (PC + clay/yeast culture-based product, 0.2%); CYE (PC + clay/yeast cell wall/plant extracts/antioxidants-based product, 0.2%); and CYB (PC + clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants-based product, 0.2%). Blood and jejunal mucosa were sampled, and data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pre-planned contrasts. Deoxynivalenol reduced the average daily gain (ADG) in phase 3. Pigs fed CYC had greater overall ADG, average daily feed intake during phase 3, and gain to feed ratio during phase 2 than PC. At d 14, deoxynivalenol reduced blood urea nitrogen/creatinine and tended to reduce blood urea nitrogen. Pigs fed CYB tended to have greater aspartate aminotransferase than PC. At d 34, pigs fed CYC and CYB tended to have lower serum creatine phosphokinase than PC. Pigs fed CYE had lower blood urea nitrogen/creatinine than PC. In jejunal mucosa, deoxynivalenol tended to increase malondialdehydes and decrease glutathione. Pigs fed CYE and CYB had lower malondialdehydes, pigs fed CYB had greater glutathione and tended to have lower immunoglobulin A than PC. Pigs fed CYC and CYE tended to have lower interleukin 8 than PC. In summary, deoxynivalenol challenge (1.2 vs. 3.2 mg/kg) mildly compromised growth performance and increased the oxidative stress of pigs. Mycotoxin detoxifiers could partially overcome deoxynivalenol toxicity enhancing liver health, whereas CYE and CYB reduced oxidative stress, and CYC and CYB reduced immune activation. In conclusion, yeast-based detoxifiers with functional components as clay/inactivated yeast/botanicals/antioxidants had increased detoxifying properties in newly-weaned pigs challenged with deoxynivalenol, potentially by enhancing adsorbability, immune function, gut health, and reducing oxidative stress.

Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Histology and Ultrastructure of Pig Liver

“…In view of our results, even low levels of these mycotoxins, being below or close to No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) values, should be considered as affecting the pig liver. The published data on the effects of such doses of DON and ZEN on the liver biochemistry are limited; however, they showed rather weak effects of these toxins on the serum activity of hepatic enzymes [ 58 , 59 , 60 ]. These findings agree with our morphological data showing that the responses of hepatocytes to intoxication with ZEN and DON seem to be adaptive.…”

Grape Seed Waste Counteracts Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity in Piglet Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

“…Immuno-stimulation induced by AFB1 increases the synthesis of inflammatory markers and free radicals, which lead to chronic inflammation and cancer [ 42 , 43 ]. Anti-inflammatory activities of plant bioactive compounds have been reported in acute and chronic inflammation in animal models [ 44 , 45 ], and recent data have shown that they can be used for counteracting the toxic effect of AFB1 [ 24 , 46 , 47 ]. Our previous results have shown that GSM addition into AFB1-contaminated diet induced the amelioration of liver injuries and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver of intoxicated piglets by decreasing the MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways overexpressed by the AFB1 diet [ 24 ].…”

Investigation of the Efficacy of a Postbiotic Yeast Cell Wall-Based Blend on Newly-Weaned Pigs under a Dietary Challenge of Multiple Mycotoxins with Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol

“…Body weight of pigs and feed consumption by pigs were recorded weekly and used to obtain average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G/F). On d 35, 10 mL blood samples from the external jugular vein were collected with 0.8 × 32 mm needles (Eclipse, Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and serum blood collection tubes (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) using a vacutainer tube holder, following procedures routinely employed by our research group [ 20 , 86 , 87 ]. Serum samples were stored at −80 °C in a freezer (812660-760, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in 1.5 mL tubes (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA) after centrifugation at 1509× g at 4 °C for 15 min (5811F, Eppendorf, Hamburg, HH, Germany).…”

“…Ten pictures of each pig were used to measure gut morphology by a single researcher choosing a well-oriented villus and its associated crypt. Measurements included: villus width (at half of villus height), villus height (from tip of the villus to top of the crypt), crypt depth (from top to bottom of the crypt), and calculating villus height: crypt depth [ 86 ]. The proportion of proliferating cells in the crypt was also estimated by calculating the proportion of cells positive to Ki-67 after taking pictures at 40× in Sony Van–Ox S microscope (Opelco, Washington, DC, USA) and processing in ImageJS tool [ 92 ] for analysis as described by Holanda and Kim [ 86 ].…”