Grape Seed Waste Counteracts Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity in Piglet Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin that frequently contaminates cereals and cereal byproducts. This study investigates the effect of AFB1 on the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of piglets and evaluates if a diet containing grape seed meal (GSM) can counteract the negative effect of AFB1 on inflammation and oxidative stress. Twenty-four weaned piglets were fed the following diets: Control, AFB1 group (320 μg AFB1/kg feed), GSM group (8% GSM), and AFB1 + GSM group (8% GSM + 320 μg AFB1/kg feed) for 30 days. AFB1 has an important antioxidative effect by decreasing the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant status. As a result of the exposure to AFB1, an increase of MAP kinases, metalloproteinases, and cytokines, as effectors of an inflammatory response, were observed in the MLNs of intoxicated piglets. GSM induced a reduction of AFB1-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of GPx and SOD and by decreasing lipid peroxidation. GSM decreased the inflammatory markers increased by AFB1. These results represent an important and promising way to valorize this waste, which is rich in bioactive compounds, for decreasing AFB1 toxic effects in mesenteric lymph nodes.

Does Bentonite Cause Cytotoxic and Whole-Transcriptomic Adverse Effects in Enterocytes When Used to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 Exposure?

“…Among the triad of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, CAT and GPX), CAT expression was also influenced by AFB1. This gene is down-regulated, in agreement with other authors who described a reduced catalase activity after AF exposure on mice brain, piglet mesenteric lymph nodes and chicken duodenal tissue [87][88][89].…”

“…A number of studies proved AFB1 causes inflammation; in addition, it shows immunomodulatory effects [ 89 , 104 , 105 ]. As a consequence, our attention was caught by the altered expression of IL-5 , IL-11 , TNF , TLR-4 and TLR-2 , and the protective effect shown by BEN.…”

Bioaccessibility Study of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Bread Enriched with Fermented Milk Whey and/or Pumpkin

“…Along the same line, other authors demonstrated that the antioxidant compounds of grape seed meal counteracted AFB1 toxicity in piglet mesenteric lymph nodes, showing a reduction of AFB1-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreasing lipid peroxidation [41]. Supplementing the diet of ducks with antioxidants such as curcumin increased antioxidant capacity, inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation in their meat [42].…”

Discovering the Protective Effects of Resveratrol on Aflatoxin B1-Induced Toxicity: A Whole Transcriptomic Study in a Bovine Hepatocyte Cell Line

“…For this reason, to prevent or mitigate aflatoxicosis in farmed animals, the use of feed additives, consisting of botanical extracts with known antioxidant capacities, is a viable option. For instance, the efficacy of curcumin has been widely tested [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]; besides curcumin, several natural polyphenols have also been investigated, providing encouraging results [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Among them, the use of resveratrol (R) represents a promising strategy.…”