2016
DOI: 10.1111/dth.12352
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Efficacy of intralesional immunotherapy for the treatment of warts: A review of the literature

Abstract: Warts are common epidermal growths caused by human papillomavirus that often cause significant discomfort and embarrassment. Current treatment options include topical therapies, cryotherapy, laser vaporization, and surgical excision. Many of these options are destructive and may result in scarring, while less aggressive approaches can lead to lesion recurrence. Additionally, these local modalities are not practical for patients with a large number of warts. Systemic approaches such as immunotherapy have demons… Show more

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citations
Cited by 73 publications
(117 citation statements)
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References 46 publications
(63 reference statements)
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“…Intralesional immunotherapy with Candida antigen has been shown to be superior to cryotherapy for the treatment of warts in immunocompetent patients (Khozeimeh et al, ). Candida immunotherapy is thought to induce a T cell mediated response and local production of cytokines IL‐2 and IFN‐gamma (Aldahan et al, ). A recent case series utilizing intralesional immunotherapy with Candida in SOTR provided clinical benefit without significant side effects.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Intralesional immunotherapy with Candida antigen has been shown to be superior to cryotherapy for the treatment of warts in immunocompetent patients (Khozeimeh et al, ). Candida immunotherapy is thought to induce a T cell mediated response and local production of cytokines IL‐2 and IFN‐gamma (Aldahan et al, ). A recent case series utilizing intralesional immunotherapy with Candida in SOTR provided clinical benefit without significant side effects.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In der lokalen Immuntherapie wird dagegen gezielt durch ein Kontaktallergen eine allergische Reaktion vom Typ IV im Warzengewebe ausgelöst. Spezifischer wirkt die intraläsionale Antigeninjektion, die wahrscheinlich eine systemische T‐Zell‐vermittelte Immunantwort auslöst, denn nach einer solchen Injektion sind Zytokine, die von Typ‐1‐T‐Helferzellen freigesetzt werden wie Interleukin‐2 und Interferon‐γ, in erhöhter Konzentration nachweisbar . Der genaue Wirkmechanismus ist noch nicht bekannt, aber es wird vermutet, dass die zellvermittelte Immunreaktion möglicherweise bereits durch das Trauma der Injektion ausgelöst wird.…”
Section: Immuntherapieunclassified
“…Dass die Behandlung bei Kindern vor der Geschlechtsreife am besten wirkte, könnte sich dadurch erklären lassen, dass Hormone die Expression der HPV‐Proteine in den infizierten Zellen beeinflussen . So verschwinden mit dem Beginn der Pubertät die Typ‐I‐Moleküle des Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplexes (MCH) der HPV‐infizierten Zellen, und vermutlich verringert sich dadurch die durch den Impfstoff induzierte und gegen die HP‐Viren gerichtete, zytotoxische T‐Zell‐Antwort.…”
Section: Immuntherapieunclassified
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“…Unlike the other various options, immunotherapies target specific lesions and upregulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the lesions at the target site and distant locations. This more systemic approach has shown to be an inexpensive, effective method for treatment of individuals with multiple recalcitrant warts in the literature [9]. Although the mechanism has not been completely understood, immunotherapies are believed to work by inducing a systemic T-cell mediated response at the location of contact or injection.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%