Efficacy of High Frequency [10 Hz] Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Randomized, Double Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial

Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain

“…We included 38 new studies in this review. Of these, 12 studies (355 participants) investigated only rTMS (Boyer 2014; Dall'Agnol 2014; de Oliveira 2014; Jetté 2013; Malavera 2013; Medeiros 2016; Nardone 2017; Nurmikko 2016; Tekin 2014; Umezaki 2016; Yagci 2014; Yilmaz 2014), 22 studies (772 participants) investigated tDCS (Ahn 2017; Ayache 2016; Bae 2014; Brietzke 2016; Chang 2017; Donnell 2015; Fagerlund 2015; Hagenacker 2014; Harvey 2017; Hazime 2017; Jales Junior 2015; Khedr 2017; Kim 2013; Lagueux 2017; Luedtke 2015; Mendonca 2016; Ngernyam 2015; Oliveira 2015; Sakrajai 2014; Souto 2014; Thibaut 2017; Volz 2016) one study (36 participants) investigated tDCS and rTMS (Attal 2016), two studies (16 participants) investigated tRNS (Curatolo 2017; Palm 2016) and one study investigated RINCE (Deering 2017, 46 participants). Overall this updated review included 94 studies (2983 participants), with 42 trials of rTMS (1101 participants), 36 trials of tDCS (1073 participants), 11 studies of CES (572 participants), one study (36 participants) of both rTMS and tDCS, two studies of RINCE (137 participants) and two studies of tRNS (36 participants).…”

“…There was a mixture of parallel and cross‐over study designs. For rTMS there were 22 parallel studies (Ahmed 2011; Avery 2013; Boyer 2014; Carretero 2009; Dall'Agnol 2014; Defrin 2007; de Oliveira 2014; Fregni 2011; Khedr 2005; Lee 2012; Malavera 2013; Medeiros 2016; Mhalla 2011; Nardone 2017Passard 2007; Picarelli 2010; Short 2011; Tekin 2014; Tzabazis 2013; Umezaki 2016; Yagci 2014; Yilmaz 2014), and 20 cross‐over studies (André‐Obadia 2006; André‐Obadia 2008; André‐Obadia 2011; Borckardt 2009; Fregni 2005; Hirayama 2006; Hosomi 2013; Irlbacher 2006; Jetté 2013; Kang 2009; Lefaucheur 2001a; Lefaucheur 2001b; Lefaucheur 2004; Lefaucheur 2006; Lefaucheur 2008; Nurmikko 2016; Onesti 2013; Pleger 2004; Rollnik 2002; Saitoh 2007). For CES there were eight parallel studies (Gabis 2003; Gabis 2009; Katsnelson 2004; Lichtbroun 2001; Rintala 2010; Tan 2006; Tan 2011; Taylor 2013), and three cross‐over studies (Capel 2003; Cork 2004; Tan 2000), of which we considered two as parallel studies, with only the opening phase of the study considered in this review because subsequent phases were unblinded (Capel 2003; Cork 2004).…”

“…One study included a mix of participants with central and facial neuropathic pain (Lefaucheur 2001a), six rTMS studies included only participants with central neuropathic pain (Defrin 2007; de Oliveira 2014; Jetté 2013; Kang 2009; Nardone 2017, Yilmaz 2014 ), one included only participants with peripheral neuropathic pain (Borckardt 2009), and one study included participants with burning mouth syndrome (Umezaki 2016). Sixteen studies included non‐neuropathic chronic pain including fibromyalgia (Boyer 2014; Carretero 2009; Lee 2012; Mhalla 2011; Passard 2007; Short 2011; Tekin 2014; Tzabazis 2013; Yagci 2014), chronic widespread pain (Avery 2013), chronic pancreatitis pain (Fregni 2005; Fregni 2011), chronic myofascial pain (Dall'Agnol 2014; Medeiros 2016) and complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPSI) (Picarelli 2010; Pleger 2004). Two studies included only phantom limb pain (Ahmed 2011; Malavera 2013).…”

“…Sixteen studies used measures of disability (Ahn 2017; Attal 2016; Avery 2013; Chang 2017; Cork 2004; Hazime 2017; Kang 2009; Lagueux 2017; Luedtke 2015; Mhalla 2011; Passard 2007; Short 2011; Soler 2010; Tan 2000; Tan 2006; Umezaki 2016), and 27 studies collected measures of quality of life (Avery 2013; Boyer 2014; Curatolo 2017; de Oliveira 2014; Fregni 2006b; Jales Junior 2015; Lagueux 2017; Lee 2012; Lichtbroun 2001; Mendonca 2016; Mhalla 2011; Mori 2010; Oliveira 2015; Passard 2007; Picarelli 2010; Riberto 2011;Sakrajai 2014; Short 2011; Tan 2011; Taylor 2013; Tekin 2014; Thibaut 2017; Tzabazis 2013; Valle 2009; Villamar 2013; Volz 2016; Yagci 2014).…”

“…Twenty‐four studies did not report any information regarding adverse events (Ahmed 2011; André‐Obadia 2011; Bae 2014; Borckardt 2009; Brietzke 2016; Cork 2004; Curatolo 2017; Defrin 2007; Gabis 2009; Harvey 2017; Jales Junior 2015; Jensen 2013; Kang 2009; Katsnelson 2004; Khedr 2005; Lefaucheur 2006; Lefaucheur 2008; Lichtbroun 2001; Pleger 2004; Riberto 2011; Tan 2000; Tan 2006; Tekin 2014; Yilmaz 2014). Reporting of adverse events in the remaining studies varied substantially in terms of detail.…”