Efficacy of five selected acaricides against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their side effects on relevant natural enemies occurring in citrus orchards

Abstract

Further studies, like that presented here, are necessary to gain a better understanding of integrating biological and chemical controls. When considering both efficacy and side effects on beneficial arthropods, the best options would seem to be mineral oil, tebufenpyrad and clofentezine. However, it is urgent to complete testing of the side effects of the acaricides used in citrus. This question is crucial if the fact that two recently introduced Tetranychidae are being controlled in citrus by chemical means exclusively is considered.

Effect of Diet on Development and Reproduction of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

“…Third, the side effects of these treatments on the natural enemies of other important citrus pests have not been studied. Importantly, insecticides are sprayed in spring, when the populations of key natural enemies are increasing after winter (Martínez-Ferrer 2007;Tena et al 2008;Urbaneja et al 2008Urbaneja et al , 2009Sorribas & Garcia-Marí 2010). These natural enemies are responsible for the excellent biological control of many occasional and secondary citrus pests on orange cultivars in Spain (Jacas & Urbaneja 2009).…”

Gestión Integrada de la araña roja Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae): optimización de su control biológico en clementinos

“…El uso de plaguicidas selectivos combinados junto a tácticas de gestión de plagas como la conservación y/o sueltas aumentativas de ácaros depredadores, pueden ser estrategias importantes para el éxito de la GIP en cultivos de cítricos Urbaneja et al 2008;)…”

“…This phytoseiid is considered an omnivorous predator that can exclusively feed and successfully reproduce on pollen (Ferragut et al 1987;Bouras & Papadoulis 2005;Pina et al 2012) and according to McMurtry and Croft (1997) is type IV specialized pollen feeder/generalist predator life-style. The role of E. stipulatus as a biological control agent is limited to some tetranychid species GraftonCardwell et al 1997) is phytoseiid is considered a key player in the biological control of P. citri in Spain (García-Marí et al 1983;García-Marí et al 1986;Ferragut et al 1988;Ferragut et al 1992) and therefore, its conservation is a key factor for the success of IPM (Ferragut et al 1988;Urbaneja et al 2008 chemical control is still needed in some cases . To identify the most selective biocides that could be used in combination with biological control strategies, it is very important to know the side effects of these products on the most relevant natural enemies for each specific crop (Hassan 1977;Hassan et al 1988;Sterk et al 1999;Blümel et al 2002).…”

Evaluación del riesgo ecológico de insecticidas utilizados contra plagas hortícolas en el agente de control biológico Nesidicoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae)

“…De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, Urbaneja et al (2008) observaron un consumo por hembra de N. tenuis del 100% en densidades de 60 huevos de T. absoluta. En cambio, para ninfas de quinto estadío, Mollá et al (2014) registraron un consumo menor (74,3%) a la densidad de 75 huevos de E. kuehniella.…”