Efficacy of Diabetes Education in Adults With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Primary Care: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Purpose To analyze the effect of different diabetes education methods on metabolic control, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. Design A systematic review was carried out. Data Sources PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), CUIDEN, Ibecs, and Scopus databases were consulted. The search was done in May 2018. Studies included controlled clinical trials on diabetes education in primary care that were published in English and Spanish during the years 2011 to 2018. Results The post‐intervention results were as follows: glycosylated hemoglobin concentration (HbA1c) ranged between ‐1.6% (individual education [IE]) and + 0.05% (mixed education [ME]). The values of BMI varied from ‐0.7% (group education [GE]) to ‐0.3% (GE). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) fluctuated. SBP varied from ‐8.5 mmHg (GE) to +2.9 mmHg (GE); DBP varied from ‐3.1 mmHg (GE) to ‐0.9 mmHg (GE). Total cholesterol ranged from ‐15.9/dL (GE) to +2 mg/dL (GE). LDL cholesterol ranged from ‐18.3 mg/dL (GE) to ‐7 mg/dL (ME). HDL cholesterol ranged from +0.8 mg/dL (IE) to +8.12 mg/dL (GE). Triglycerides varied from ‐21.1 mg/dL (GE) to +11.0 (GE). Conclusions The most profound decrease in HbA1c was achieved using individual education. However, to decrease BMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, group education was the most effective intervention. Clinical Relevance To obtain good metabolic control, it is necessary to address both clinical and psychological aspects, including modifying nutritional and dietary habits, monitoring medication, increasing knowledge of diabetes, and combining theoretical content with physical exercise programs. Reinforcement strategies are very important to achieve the objectives of educational programs.

Self-Care Experiences of Empty-Nest Elderly Living With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study From China

“…Diabetes self-management education has become an essential part of diabetes care. Studies have shown that education in primary health care settings improved self-management behavior, reduced the burden of disease and the risk of diabetes-related complications (22)(23)(24)(25)(26). In the past ten years of health care reform, China has been working hard to improve the primary health care system, and the government has included diabetes in the national basic public health service projects, including self-management education (27).…”

#outubrorosa e promoção da saúde: análise das postagens no Instagram sobre o câncer de mama

“…Esse fato assume grande importância para o tema da educação em saúde, pois demonstra uma tendência de direcionamento das ações para os fatores modificáveis, diferente do que tem sido apontado em outros estudos, cujo foco tem sido a divulgação de informações sobre aspectos da prevenção secundária (HOUGHTON; HOWLAND; MCDONALD, 2019). Reconhecidamente, para a prevenção primária das doenças, especialmente as crônicas não transmissíveis, as estratégias de educação em saúde direcionadas para fatores possivelmente modificáveis, como hábitos de vida, podem de fato ser uma estratégia mais efetiva para um controle populacional da doença (ETMINANI et al, 2020;ASKLAND et al, 2020;CRUZ-COBO;SANTI-CANO, 2020). O fortalecimento dos conhecimentos acerca dos fatores de risco e protetivos podem contribuir sobremaneira para a prevenção do câncer de mama, especialmente nas mulheres jovens (SIDDIG et al, 2021), cujas chances de prevenção são maiores, pois ainda não estão tão expostas a alguns fatores de risco, classicamente descritos para as mulheres mais velhas, como a exposição crônica a hormônios esteroides por exemplo.…”

Effects of a Diabetes Self-Management Education Program on Glucose Levels and Self-Care in Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Education groups were always small, with an average of 10 patients. The educational content of programs included risk factors, self-monitoring of blood glucose, physical exercise, diet, adherence to treatment, stress management, and understanding of the disease [ 24 ].…”