Efficacy of deltamethrin (Butox® 7.5 pour on) against nymphs and adults of ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in treated hair of cattle and sheep

Abstract

Ticks are known to be able to transmit a broad spectrum of agents of diseases in cattle or sheep. Therefore, measurements are needed to keep ticks away from the body of any ruminant belonging to the agricultural life stock. The present study dealt with investigations to measure the efficacy of the insecticide deltamethrin (Butox® 7.5 pour on) against specimens of two important species (Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Four sheep and four young cattle were treated lege arte along the vertebral column with 10 ml Butox® (deltamethrin) per sheep or 30 ml Butox® per cattle. Day 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the treatment, hair was shaved off from the head, ears, the back, belly, and the feet being collected in separate, suitable plastic bags, and transported to the institute, where these hair were brought into close contact with either adult and/or nymph stages of I. ricinus and R. sanguineus. As results, strong, acaricidal effects were seen, which varied according to the parasite species, the origin of the hair (e.g., head, leg, etc.) and according to the period after the treatment. In sheep, the acaricidal effect was noted for the whole period of 28 days along the whole body with respect to adults and nymphs of I. ricinus, while the acaricidal effects of deltamethrin were reduced for R. sanguineus stages beginning at day 21 after treatment. In cattle, the full acaricidal effect was seen for 21 days in I. ricinus stages and for 14 days in R. sanguineus, while the acaricidal efficacy became reduced after these periods of full action-beginning at the hair taken from the legs. Only R. sanguineus adults did not show any reaction on day 28 after treatment. Besides these acaricidal effects, repellent effects were also noted. Full repellency for both species was seen during the first 14 days in sheep and cattle against Ixodes and Rhipicephalus, while the repellency was later reduced, especially in contact with hair from the legs. As conclusion, deltamethrin, besides its very good effects against biting insects, brings acaricidal as well as repellent effects against ticks, thus protecting the sheep and cattle from transmission of agents of diseases.

The effects of flumethrin (Bayticol® pour-on) on European ticks exposed to treated hairs of cattle and sheep

“…These findings are comparable to the effects seen in deltamethrin trials (Butox® 7.5 pour-on, Mehlhorn et al 2011), where also all adult Rhipicephalus stages survived beginning 3 weeks after the treatment of the animals. With respect to the speed of killing, there were differences.…”

“…They are not only capable of transmitting severe and even deadly diseases but also impact adversely the weight gain in infested animals (Sonenshine 1991(Sonenshine , 1992Aspöck, 2010;Eckert et al 2008;Mehlhorn 2008;Mehlhorn and Mehlhorn 2009;Mehlhorn et al 1993Mehlhorn et al , 1995. However, even if there is no transmission of agents of diseases, ticks introduce enormous economic losses, since they suck blood, which reaches large amounts, if many tickswhich is often the case-suck at the same time.…”

Protective Role of Spirulina platensis against Acute Deltamethrin-Induced Toxicity in Rats

“…Deltamethrin; a pyrithroid insecticide has been widely used in industrial agriculture and veterinary practice worldwide that would be potentially an exposure risk to workers in this field [1]. Although several reports about the toxicity of DLM have been published, little study has been performed about the use of natural products for prevention of such toxicity and mechanism of their ameliorative action.…”

“…It is also used for nurseries, golf courses, urban structural and landscaping sites, residential home and garden pest control. Moreover, it is used topically in farm animals as an ectoparasiticide against ticks, mites, fleas and flies to control vector-borne diseases [1]. Owing to its rapid metabolism and low toxicity to humans and other non-target animals as well as its high potency on a large number of pests, it has become of choice in most countries [2].…”

Toxic and repellent activity of selected monoterpenoids (thymol, carvacrol and linalool) against the castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae)

“…Ixodes ricinus is one of the most abundant ticks in the forest areas of north of Iran (Nabian et al, 2007). This species led to hyperkeratosis and strong itching in infested livestock, the blood sucking behavior also led to anemia, loss of weight and, most importantly, the transmission of tick-borne infections caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Babesia and bacteria of the genus Anaplasma (de Freitas Fernandes and Freitas, 2007;Mehlhorn et al, 2011).…”