Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Rheum Spiciformis against Pathogenic Bacterial and Fungal Strains

Dar, Khalid Bashir; Bhat, Aashiq Hussain; Amin, Shajrul; Anees, Suhail; Akbar, Muhammad; Zargar, Mohammed Iqbal; Ganie, Showkat Ahmad

doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/18036.8486

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The methanolic extract of B. monnieri was found to have a stronger inhibitory effect against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus [ 31 , 32 ], which is consistent with our findings. Furthermore, the findings indicating that methanolic extracts are more powerful than aqueous extracts against bacterial strains are consistent with the findings of other studies [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Antibacterial Potential of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and Its Bioactive Molecules against Uropathogens—An In Silico Study to Identify Potential Lead Molecule(s) for the Development of New Drugs to Treat Urinary Tract Infections

et al. 2022

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are becoming more common, requiring extensive protection from antimicrobials. The global expansion of multi-drug resistance uropathogens in the past decade emphasizes the necessity of newer antibiotic treatments and prevention strategies for UTIs. Medicinal plants have wide therapeutic applications in both the prevention and management of many ailments. Bacopa monnieri is a medicinal plant that is found in the warmer and wetlands regions of the world. It has been used in Ayurvedic systems for centuries. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of the extract of B. monnieri leaves and its bioactive molecules against UTIs that are caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. This in vitro experimental study was conducted by an agar well diffusion method to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of 80% methanol, 96% ethanol, and aqueous extracts of B. monnieri leaves on uropathogens. Then, further screening of their phytochemicals was carried out using standard methods. To validate the bioactive molecules and the microbe interactions, AutoDock Vina software was used for molecular docking with the Klebsiella pneumoniae fosfomycin resistance protein (5WEW) and the Zn-dependent receptor-binding domain of Proteus mirabilis MR/P fimbrial adhesin MrpH (6Y4F). Toxicity prediction and drug likeness were predicted using ProTox-II and Molinspiration, respectively. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to study the protein ligand complexes. The methanolic leaves extract of B. monnieri revealed a 22.3 mm ± 0.6 mm to 25.0 mm ± 0.5 mm inhibition zone, while ethanolic extract seemed to produce 19.3 mm ± 0.8 mm to 23.0 mm ± 0.4 mm inhibition zones against K. pneumoniae with the use of increasing concentrations. In the case of P. mirabilis activity, the methanolic extracts showed a 21.0 mm ± 0.8 mm to 24.0 mm ± 0.6 mm zone of inhibition and the ethanol extract produced a 17.0 mm ± 0.9 mm to 23.0 mm ± 0.7 mm inhibition zone with increasing concentrations. Carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponin, phenolic, and terpenoid were common phytoconstituents identified in B. monnieri extracts. Oroxindin showed the best interactions with the binding energies with 5WEW and 6Y4F, −7.8 kcal/mol and −7.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Oroxindin, a bioactive molecule, followed Lipinski’s rule of five and exhibited stability in the MD simulation. The overall results suggest that Oroxindin from B. monnieri can be a potent inhibitor for the effective killing of K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. Additionally, its safety has been established, indicating its potential for future drug discovery and development in the treatment for UTIs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Antibacterial Potential of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and Its Bioactive Molecules against Uropathogens—An In Silico Study to Identify Potential Lead Molecule(s) for the Development of New Drugs to Treat Urinary Tract Infections

et al. 2022

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“…Furthermore, the solvent used for the preparation may influence the extract contents and affect the antimicrobial activity. Crude methanolic plant extracts typically have the highest concentration and highest number of flavonoids, and thereby the strongest antimicrobial activity (Dar et al 2016). However, sometimes the pure compounds are isolated, which are usually hydrophobic and may precipitate in wrong solvents, e.g., water (Lof et al 2011).…”

Section: Testing Antimicrobial Activities and Reasons For Discrepancimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pathogenic microorganisms have been a danger to the human race since its genesis, being a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. Until the discovery of the first true antibiotic-penicillin-in 1928 and sulfa drugs in the 1930s, besides the toxic arsenic, the only means of fighting infectious diseases were plant extracts of different sorts, though their usage yielded various results (Dar et al 2016;Saleem et al 2010;van Miert 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids

2018

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Flavonoids are one of the largest classes of small molecular secondary metabolites produced in different parts of the plant. They display a wide range of pharmacological and beneficial health effects for humans, which include, among others, antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention and antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Hence, flavonoids are gaining high attention from the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Notably, plants synthesize flavonoids in response to microbial infection, and these compounds have been found to be a potent antimicrobial agent against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. Antimicrobial action of flavonoids results from their various biological activities, which may not seem very specific at first. There are, however, promising antibacterial flavonoids that are able not only to selectively target bacterial cells, but also to inhibit virulence factors, as well as other forms of microbial threats, e.g. biofilm formation. Moreover, some plant flavonoids manifest ability to reverse the antibiotic resistance and enhance action of the current antibiotic drugs. Hence, the development and application of flavonoid-based drugs could be a promising approach for antibiotic-resistant infections. This review aims to improve our understanding of the biological and molecular roles of plant flavonoids, focusing mostly on their antimicrobial activities.

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“…The antibacterial activities of all the extracts either when used separately or combined were concentration dependent as zones of growth inhibition increased with increasing concentration of the extracts. Some researchers had reported that the efficacy of most plant extracts is concentration-dependent [35,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winning the War against Multi-Drug Resistant Diarrhoeagenic Bacteria

et al. 2019

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Drug-resistant-diarrhoeagenic bacteria are currently emerging healthcare challenge. This study investigated the effects of Vernonia amygdalina, Garcinia kola, tetracycline and metronidazole combinations on such bacteria. Agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the inhibitory effects of the herbal extracts on diarrhoeagenic bacteria while Time-Kill Assay was used to determine bactericidal effects of the extracts against test isolates. Interactions between plant extracts and antibiotics were investigated using Checkerboard assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts against the bacterial isolates ranged between 3.125–50 mg/mL, while those of tetracycline and metronidazole ranged from 30–50 μg/mL. Synergism was observed against B. cereus and S. aureus for metronidazole + aqueous G. kola at all ratios. Generally, the combinations aqueous G. kola + ethanolic G. kola and aqueous G. kola + ethanolic V. amygdalina showed more pronounced synergism against the Staphylococcus aureus than B. cereus isolates with the fractional inhibition concentration (FIC) indices ranging from 0.32–0.95. Synergism of tetracycline + crude extracts and metronidazole combinations were more pronounced on the test isolates and especially on the Gram-negative organisms with FIC indices ranging from 0.41–0.91. Conclusion: The herbal extracts combinations and extracts–antibiotics combinations are synergistic on diarrhoeagenic bacteria at defined combination ratios.

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Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Rheum Spiciformis against Pathogenic Bacterial and Fungal Strains

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Antibacterial Potential of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and Its Bioactive Molecules against Uropathogens—An In Silico Study to Identify Potential Lead Molecule(s) for the Development of New Drugs to Treat Urinary Tract Infections

Antibacterial Potential of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and Its Bioactive Molecules against Uropathogens—An In Silico Study to Identify Potential Lead Molecule(s) for the Development of New Drugs to Treat Urinary Tract Infections

Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids

Winning the War against Multi-Drug Resistant Diarrhoeagenic Bacteria

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