Efficacy of 35% PEROX‐AID (Hydrogen Peroxide) in Reducing an Infestation of <i>Gyrodactylus salmonis</i> in Freshwater‐Reared Rainbow Trout

Bowker, James D.; Carty, Daniel; Dotson, Miranda M.

doi:10.1080/15222055.2012.675992

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Data analyses.-At the end of each trial, the mean abundance of S. californiensis was compared between treatment groups with a mixed-model, nested analysis of variance (ANOVA; P < 0.05; SYSTAT 2007; Bowker et al 2012). In this analysis, tank was the experimental unit, fish was the observational unit, treatment was the fixed factor, and tank nested within treatment was the random factor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of SLICE Premix (0.2% Emamectin Benzoate) for Reducing Infestations of Salmincola spp. on Freshwater‐Reared Rainbow Trout

et al. 2012

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Salmincola spp. are ectoparasites of major concern in wild and cultured salmonids. These parasites can cause respiratory distress and facilitate the entry of secondary pathogens. Of particular concern in the United States is S. californiensis, which can infest all Oncorhynchus spp. and is restricted largely to freshwater. Bath treatments with formalin and hydrogen peroxide have traditionally been used to control infestations of some parasitic copepods in cultured salmonids; however, these treatments can be difficult to apply, expensive, and stressful to fish and have not been shown to be effective against S. californiensis. A more effective and efficient treatment method needs to be developed. SLICE (0.2% emamectin benzoate [EB]) is a commercial in-feed treatment that has been shown to be effective for the control of sea lice infestations in seawater-reared farmed salmon and trout. We postulated that EB might also be efficacious for the control of parasitic copepods such as S. californiensis on freshwater-reared salmonids. Four trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of SLICE-medicated feed administered at a target dosage of 50 µg EB·kg fish −1 ·d −1 for seven consecutive days to control infestations of S. californiensis on freshwater-reared rainbow trout. At the end of each trial (after either a 30-or 42-d posttreatment period), copepod prevalence in treated tanks was substantially reduced compared with the pretrial prevalence recorded in the reference populations. Additionally, a significant difference was detected in mean abundance between treated and control groups, with a 79-96% reduction in mean abundance among fish offered the EB-medicated feed. Based on the results of these trials, it was concluded that SLICE was efficacious in reducing infestations of S. californiensis on freshwater-reared rainbow trout.Copepods are the most prevalent of the parasitic crustaceans affecting a wide range of marine and freshwater finfish worldwide (Lester and Hayward 2006). Salmincola spp. are parasitic copepods of major concern in wild and cultured salmonids. It has been reported that the incidence and spread of these parasites can be exacerbated by degraded environmental conditions such as increased water temperature, high organic loading, low dissolved oxygen, and overcrowding (Sutherland and Wittrock 428 CONTROL OF Salmincola ON RAINBOW TROUT

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of SLICE Premix (0.2% Emamectin Benzoate) for Reducing Infestations of Salmincola spp. on Freshwater‐Reared Rainbow Trout

et al. 2012

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“…These worms combine different reproductive modes with a ‘Russian Doll’ embryo system (Cable & Harris ), and their evolutionary strategy is based on host switching rather than co‐evolution, allowing them to spread and exploit new niches rapidly (Bakke, Harris & Cable ; Ziętara & Lumme ). Treating the gyrodactylid infections in fish is difficult, primarily because there is no 100% effective medication on the market (Schelkle, Shinn, Peeler & Cable ; Schelkle, Doetjes & Cable ; Bowker, Carty & Dotson ). Tea tree oil, salt and garlic may be potential alternatives to traditional treatments (Steverding, Morganan, Tkaczynski, Walder & Tinsley ; Schelkle, Doetjes & Cable ; Schelkle, Snellgrove & Cable ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cajeput oil, an effective botanical against gyrodactylid infection

Schelkle

Richards

Snellgrove³

et al. 2015

Aquac Res

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Infectious diseases are a major welfare issue, economically costly and, from a conservation perspective, threaten susceptible fish populations. Parasite control in aquaculture is over reliant on a limited range of treatments which tend to be low in efficacy, toxic to hosts and have negative consequences on human health and the environment. Here, we tested 22 botanical treatments alongside five controls against Gyrodactylus turnbulli (Harris 1986), in vitro and in vivo, infecting guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859). Survival of detached parasites was significantly reduced by all treatments with cajuput oil, bay rum oil, bladderwrack, octanoic acid, pine tree oil and barberry killing worms instantly. In vivo, cajuput oil applied with emulsifier was as effective as a licensed livestock dewormer, Levamisole, which is not routinely prescribed for use in fish; hence, cajuput can be considered for further research to replace Levamisole in UK research laboratories as well as in ornamental aquaculture.

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“…Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is used as a bleaching agent in the textile industry, as an antimicrobial agent in cheese production and treatment of drinking water (Marking et al 1994), and in human healthcare as a first aid antiseptic and oral debriding agent. It has also been used to treat a variety of external fungal, bacterial, and parasite infections and infestations on fish and fish eggs (e.g., Marking et al 1994;Mitchell and Collins 1997;Speare and Arsenault 1997;Lumsden et al 1998;Howe et al 1999;Rach et al 2000aRach et al , 2000bRach et al , 2003Buchmann and Kristensson 2003;Montgomery-Brock et al 2001, 2004Sitjà-Bobadilla et al 2006;Russo et al 2007;Bravo et al 2010;Bowker et al 2012a). The only product approved by the FDA for controlling mortality in fishes associated with Flavobacterium is 35% PEROX-AID (active ingredient is 35% HP; Eka Chemical, Marietta, Georgia).…”

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Controlling Mortality Caused by External Columnaris in Largemouth Bass and Bluegill with Chloramine‐T or Hydrogen Peroxide

et al. 2013

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Columnaris (causative agent, Flavobacterium columnare) is a widespread fish disease of concern among fish culturists in the USA. If left untreated, an entire population of fish may become infected, and morbidity and mortality may reach high levels. In virtually all instances, columnaris outbreaks require intervention to prevent significant losses. A number of sanitizing agents, most notably chloramine‐T (CLT) and hydrogen peroxide (HP), have been used to control mortality associated with a variety of bacterial pathogens causing external infections. However, the majority of trials conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of these chemicals, thereby gaining U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for their use in treating fish infected with columnaris, have been conducted on salmonids. Accordingly, we conducted seven experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of CLT or HP to control mortality associated with external columnaris in Florida Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus and Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. Treatment with CLT or HP significantly reduced cumulative mortality in five of the seven experiments. Cumulative mortality was strongly correlated to pretreatment mortality in treated and control tanks in the five Largemouth Bass experiments, suggesting that intervention at later stages of columnaris progression may result in less favorable outcomes. Odds ratios calculated for individual experiments indicated varying degrees of success in controlling mortality; however, meta‐analysis of all experiments indicated treatment with either CLT or HP significantly increased probability of survival, regardless of fish species or test article. These results demonstrate that both chemicals can be effective in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris in Largemouth Bass and Bluegills and that timely treatment of fish will likely result in lower overall mortality.

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Efficacy of 35% PEROX‐AID (Hydrogen Peroxide) in Reducing an Infestation of Gyrodactylus salmonis in Freshwater‐Reared Rainbow Trout

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Efficacy of SLICE Premix (0.2% Emamectin Benzoate) for Reducing Infestations of Salmincola spp. on Freshwater‐Reared Rainbow Trout

Efficacy of SLICE Premix (0.2% Emamectin Benzoate) for Reducing Infestations of Salmincola spp. on Freshwater‐Reared Rainbow Trout

Cajeput oil, an effective botanical against gyrodactylid infection

Controlling Mortality Caused by External Columnaris in Largemouth Bass and Bluegill with Chloramine‐T or Hydrogen Peroxide

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