Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold

Eccles, Ron; Meier, Christiane; Jawad, Martez; Weinmüllner, Regina; Grassauer, Andreas; Prieschl-Grassauer, Eva

doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-108

Cited by 108 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Since alternative treatment options for influenza are rare, the nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan is an alternative to neuraminidase inhibitors and should be tested for the prevention and treatment of influenza A in clinical trials in humans. Eccles et al (2010) investigated the efficacy and safety of an iota-carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold symptoms. Nasal sprays appear to be a promising treatment for safe and effective treatment of early symptoms of the common cold.…”

Section: Antiviral Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan: a review

Nečas¹,

2013

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Carrageenan is a natural carbohydrate (polysaccharide) obtained from edible red seaweeds. The name Carrageenan is derived from the Chondrus crispus species of seaweed known as Carrageen Moss or Irish Moss in England, and Carraigin in Ireland. Carraigin has been used in Ireland since 400 AD as a gelatin and as a home remedy to cure coughs and colds. It grows along the coasts of North America and Europe. Carrageenans are used in a variety of commercial applications as gelling, thickening, and stabilising agents, especially in food products and sauces. Aside from these functions, carrageenans are used in experimental medicine, pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and industrial applications.Keywords: carrageenan; pharmacokinetics; toxicity; biological activity List of abbreviations 3,6-AG = 3,6, anhydro-galactose, 5-HT = 5-hydroxytryptamine, 6-APA = 6-amino penicillanic acid, ADI = acceptable daily intake, AG = amino guanidine, AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AT-III = anti-thrombin-III, bw = body weight, COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, FAO = food and agriculture organization, HC-II = heparin co-factor II, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, HPV = human papilloma virus, HSV = herpes simplex virus, IFAC = international food additives council, iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase, JECFA = Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, L-NMMA = NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, nNOS = neuronal nitric oxide synthase, NO = nitric oxide, NOS = nitric oxide synthase, NSAIDs = non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, PGs = prostaglandins, SSL = sodium stearoyl lactylate, TNF-α = tumour necrosis factor-α

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Section: Antiviral Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan: a review

Nečas¹,

2013

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“…Most of these publications address the effects of anti-inflammatory treatments to alleviate carrageenan-induced inflammation, including effects of lactobacilli [16], but without specific attention to the mechanistic pathways by which carrageenan causes inflammation. Other reports consider a variety of topics, including the chemical characteristics of carrageenan as a gel in food products [17], the use of carrageenan hydrogels as therapeutic delivery vehicles [18], carrageenan as a therapy, including for the common cold [19], and thrombotic effects of carrageenan [20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan-Induced Colonic Inflammation Is Reduced in Bcl10 Null Mice and Increased in IL-10-Deficient Mice

Bhattacharyya

Xue

Devkota

et al. 2013

Mediators of Inflammation

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The common food additive carrageenan is a known activator of inflammation in mammalian tissues and stimulates both the canonical and noncanonical pathways of NF-κB activation. Exposure to low concentrations of carrageenan (10 μg/mL in the water supply) has produced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin signaling in C57BL/6 mice. B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 10 (Bcl10) is a mediator of inflammatory signals from Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in myeloid and epithelial cells. Since the TLR4 signaling pathway is activated in diabetes and by carrageenan, we addressed systemic and intestinal inflammatory responses following carrageenan exposure in Bcl10 wild type, heterozygous, and null mice. Fecal calprotectin and circulating keratinocyte chemokine (KC), nuclear RelA and RelB, phospho(Thr559)-NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), and phospho(Ser36)-IκBα in the colonic epithelial cells were significantly less (P < 0.001) in the carrageenan-treated Bcl10 null mice than in controls. IL-10-deficient mice exposed to carrageenan in a germ-free environment showed an increase in activation of the canonical pathway of NF-κB (RelA) activation, but without increase in RelB or phospho-Bcl10, and exogenous IL-10 inhibited only the canonical pathway of NF-κB activation in cultured colonic cells. These findings demonstrate a Bcl10 requirement for maximum development of carrageenan-induced inflammation and lack of complete suppression by IL-10 of carrageenan-induced inflammation.

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“…The safety of carrageenan and Na‐CMC at the nasal membrane is also supported by previous reports. Carrageenan compounds are on the US Food and Drug Administration GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list of products for topical applications, [38] and are used in topical formulations at dose levels of up to 2% (∼30 mg) in the pharmaceutical industry [30] . ι ‐Carrageenanwas also reported to be a safe compound in the form of nasal spray [30] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 5% dextrose is usually used for nasal administration solution during in vivo studies [29] . The concentrations of 1 w/v% carrageenan and 0.5 w/v% Na‐CMC, which have similar viscosities, were determined based on the viscosity, the dosing volume of the solutions and the pharmaceutical dose levels of carrageenan in topical formulations up to 2% [30] . The doses of the solutions were determined based on our previous AT1002 studies to compare the effect of bioadhesive polymers or pre‐treatment of AT1001 (30 µCi/kg of [ 14 C]‐inulin, 80 µCi/kg of [ 3 H]‐saquinavir, 5 mg/kg of AT1002 in the enhancement study; 30 µCi/kg of [ 14 C]‐inulin, 10 mg/kg of AT1002, and 10 mg/kg of AT1001 in the inhibition study) [11,12] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%