Efficacy and Mechanism of Polymerized Anthocyanin from Grape-Skin Extract on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

We investigated the therapeutic potential of polymerized anthocyanin (PA) on a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model in mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to establish the NAFLD mouse model and randomly divided into four groups: control diet (con), NAFLD mice treated with saline (NAFLD), NAFLD mice treated with PA (PA), and NAFLD mice treated with orlistat (Orlistat) for four weeks. Mice were euthanized at the end of the four weeks. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were estimated, and pathological changes in the liver, white adipose tissue, and signaling pathways related to lipid metabolism were evaluated. Results revealed that the body, liver, and white fat weight of the NAFLD group was significantly increased compared to that of the con group, while that of the PA group showed significant reduction. NAFLD led to an increase in blood lipids in mice (except for HDL). Conversely, PA effectively reduced TC and LDL-C. Compared to the control group, the degree of steatosis in the mice of PA group was decreased. Moreover, PA also regulated the NAFLD signaling pathway. In agreement with improved lipid deposition, PA supplementation inhibited the activation of inflammatory pathways, depressing oxidative stress through increased antioxidant levels, and increasing β-oxidation to inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PA can improve the liver function of NAFLD mice, regulating blood lipids, reducing liver-fat accumulation, and regulating lipid metabolism.

Plant‐Based Foods and Their Bioactive Compounds on Fatty Liver Disease: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application

“…In addition, in vivo studies also showed that the oral administration of resveratrol and anthocyanin extracted from grape improved lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the NAFLD mouse model by downregulating PPAR- γ while upregulating Nrf2 and SIRT1 signaling pathways, accompanied by decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) [ 81 , 84 ]. Besides, the consumption of tomato juice could alleviate NAFLD in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and diminishing the ratio of acetate to propionate [ 85 ].…”

“…Besides, the administration of anthocyanin extracted from sweet cherry could alleviate NAFLD in HepG2 cells and LO2 liver cells through inducing autophagy by downregulating phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt), while upregulating the phosphorylation of AMPK [83]. In addition, in vivo studies also showed that the oral administration of resveratrol and anthocyanin extracted from grape improved lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the NAFLD mouse model by downregulating PPAR-γ while upregulating Nrf2 and SIRT1 signaling pathways, accompanied by decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) [81,84]. Besides, the consumption of tomato juice could alleviate NAFLD in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus and diminishing the ratio of acetate to propionate [85].…”

Comparative Analysis of Metabolite Profiling of Momordica charantia Leaf and the Anti-Obesity Effect through Regulating Lipid Metabolism

“…Total RNA was collected from mice livers, and epididymal adipose tissues, and qPCR was conducted, as described previously [ 19 ]. PCR reactions were carried out using AccuPower ® PCR PreMix (Bioneer, Chungwon, Korea) and a Veriti™ 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).…”

Exploring the Role of a Novel Peptide from Allomyrina dichotoma Larvae in Ameliorating Lipid Metabolism in Obesity

“…The first strand of complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). The conditions for RT-PCR were similar to those previously described [ 45 ]. Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out using a Thermal Cycler Dice TP850 (Takarabio Inc., Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.…”