Efficacy and Economics of Codling Moth Control in Organic and Conventional Pome Fruit Production

Rader, John S.; Walser, R. H.; Jorgensen, Clive D.; Williams, C. F.; Davis, Tim D.

doi:10.1080/01448765.1985.9754445

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Based on economic considerations, only B. thuringiensis and oils were used against insects in the organic blocks in this study, resulting in relatively high codling moth damage. Previous research demonstrated that mating disruption in combination with two or three other control tactics can provide an acceptable level of codling moth control (9,25,39,42), but the cost of this approach is considerably higher (33,42). Sprayable, microencapsulated pheromone formulations that can be applied with standard spray equipment (rather than having to be hand-applied individually in the form of twist-tie dispensers) could substantially reduce the cost of application (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, it is reasonable to assume that the relative role of each injury factor varies depending on the efficacy of disease and arthropod management programs in a given orchard. For example, in an organic orchard with a less effective pest management program (18,22,33), the importance of the various wounding agents may differ markedly from that of an orchard in which conventional pesticides are applied. Moreover, the relative importance of different injury factors may change as the season progresses, which may alter the strength of the association between brown rot and a given wounding agent.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Relationships Between Different Injury Factors and Development of Brown Rot Caused byMonilinia fructigenain Integrated and Organic Apple Orchards

Holb¹,

Scherm²

2008

Phytopathology®

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In a 4-year study, the incidence of various types of injuries (caused by insects, birds, growth cracks, mechanical wounding, and other, unidentified factors) was assessed in relation to brown rot development (caused by Monilinia fructigena) on fruit of three apple cultivars (Prima, Jonathan, and Mutsu) in integrated and organic blocks of two apple orchards in Hungary. In addition, populations of male codling moths (Cydia pomonella) were monitored with pheromone traps season-long in both management systems. On average, injury incidence on fruit at harvest was 6.1 and 19.2% in the integrated and organic treatments, respectively. Insect injury, which was caused primarily by C. pomonella, had the highest incidence among the five injury types, accounting for 79.4% of the total injury by harvest in the organic blocks and 36.6% in the integrated blocks. Levels of all other injury types remained close to zero during most of the season, but the incidence of bird injury and growth cracks increased markedly in the final 3 to 5 weeks before harvest in both production systems. Brown rot developed more slowly and reached a lower incidence in the integrated (6.4% final incidence on average) compared with the organic blocks (20.1% average incidence). In addition, the disease developed later but attained higher levels as the cultivar ripening season increased from early-maturing Prima to late-maturing Mutsu. Overall, 94.3 to 98.7% of all injured fruit were also infected by M. fructigena, whereas the incidence of brown-rotted fruit without visible injury was very low (0.8 to 1.6%). Correlation coefficients (on a per plot basis) and association indices (on a per-fruit basis) were calculated between brown rot and the various injury types for two selected assessment dates 4 weeks preharvest and at harvest. At both dates, the strongest significant (P < 0.05) relationships were observed between brown rot and insect injury and between brown rot and the cumulative number of trapped C. pomonella. At the harvest assessment, two additional significant correlations were between brown rot and bird injury and between brown rot and growth cracks. In every case, correlation coefficients were larger in organic than in integrated blocks. Although it is well established that brown rot in pome fruits is closely associated with fruit injuries, this is the first study to provide season-long progress data on different injury types and quantitative analyses of their relative importance at different times in the growing season and across two distinct management systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Relationships Between Different Injury Factors and Development of Brown Rot Caused byMonilinia fructigenain Integrated and Organic Apple Orchards

Holb¹,

Scherm²

2008

Phytopathology®

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“…Relative importance of injury factor depends on the efficacy of disease and pest management programs. For example, in an organic orchard with a less effective pest management program (Rader et al, 1985;IFOAM, 2000), the importance of the various wounding agents differred markedly from conventional or integrated productions (Holb and Scherm, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit injury in organic fruit production and its relationship to brown rot caused by Monilinia spp.

Abonyi¹,

Vámos²,

Lakatos³

et al. 2016

Int. j. hortic. sci.

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In a two-year Hungarian study, the temporal progress of brown rot incidence and various injury types were studied in organic fruit orchards and the relationship between brown rot and injury types was determined. Results showed that brown rot reached an almost 20% incidence level in both years. Total injury incidence reached up to 5.3 and 19.8% in the two years. In all cases, insect injury incidence was the highest among injury types in most assessment dates. Incidence levels of other injury types (bird injury, mechanical injury and other injury) began to increase, but none of those reached levels >4%. Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that brown rot incidence correlated significantly with the incidence of insect injury. In addition, brown rot incidence and the incidence levels of bird injuries was also significantly correlated. High injury and brown rot incidence levels suggest further improvements on organic fruit protection.

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Developing a management strategy based on the relationships between brown rot and codling moth in two apple production systems

Holb

Dremák

Barkaszi³

et al. 2022

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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Brown rot (BR) in relation to codling moth damage (CMD) is a key issue in apple production but the impact of these pests has not been assessed jointly. In addition, categorising cultivar reaction to these two pests for sustainable production systems could be essential for improving pest management. Therefore, in a 12-year study, 27 apple cultivars (9 scab-resistant, 9 commercial, and 9 old) were assessed for their reactions to BR in relation to CMD in integrated and organic production systems, and classified into 3 categories (“low”, “medium”, and “high”) based on their season-long BR and CMD incidences. Then the 12-year temporal BR and CMD progresses in each category were analysed by fitting three-parameter logistic functions to process data and then by deriving 5 model variables for BR and CMD incidences. Here, we showed BR-CMD relationships in both production systems, which indicated that final BR and CMD incidences were significantly higher in organic systems. Our results show that season-long BR and CMD incidences were “low” for most resistant cultivars, and “medium” or “high” for most commercial and old ones. The area under the disease and pest progress curves indicated consistent differences among all categories in both production systems; and they were used to differentiate cultivar reactions to BR and CMD. Based on these categories and BR-CMD relationships, here we developed a new brown rot and codling moth forecasting and management strategy (BRCM-FMS). BRCM-FMS and general pest management programme (GPMP) were then compared in an additional 4-year study. This was the first study to show that the BRCM-FMS reduced annual spray applications by 21.4–41.7% in integrated and 12.5–31.3% in organic production system compared to GPMP. Disease incidences in the two programmes were similar in all years, production systems and classification categories. Less sprays and similar disease incidences provide economic and environmental benefits for growers.

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Efficacy and Economics of Codling Moth Control in Organic and Conventional Pome Fruit Production

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Quantitative Relationships Between Different Injury Factors and Development of Brown Rot Caused byMonilinia fructigenain Integrated and Organic Apple Orchards

Quantitative Relationships Between Different Injury Factors and Development of Brown Rot Caused byMonilinia fructigenain Integrated and Organic Apple Orchards

Fruit injury in organic fruit production and its relationship to brown rot caused by Monilinia spp.

Developing a management strategy based on the relationships between brown rot and codling moth in two apple production systems

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