Effects on Animals of Exposure to Auto Exhaust

Murphy, Sheldon D.; Leng, John K.; Ulrich, Charles E.; Davis, Harvey V.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1963.10663494

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…14−17 Field studies provide insight into some of the possible effects of air pollution on wild birds in a natural context, 18 but the many confounding factors inherent to field research make it difficult to detect subtle changes in health. 19 The effect of vehicle exhaust on animals under controlled, laboratory conditions has been investigated in typical laboratory species (i.e., rats, mice, and guinea pigs), 20 using whole vehicle exhaust diluted to ambient or elevated concentrations, and in birds using mixtures of two or more chemicals to simulate exposure. 21,22 While these animal studies have contributed to understanding the toxic mechanisms underlying the effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, either the study species, pollutant profile, or pollutant concentrations were not relevant to natural exposure scenarios and provide limited insight into the consequences of chronic, ambient exposure on urban wild birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarker Sensitivity to Vehicle Exhaust in Experimentally Exposed European Starlings

North

Rodríguez-Estival

Smits

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The effects of vehicle-related emissions on health has been a long-standing question in human health sciences; however, the toxicology of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these complex mixtures has not been characterized in wild birds. Adult European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were exposed to vehicle emissions, with combined benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) concentrations totaling 13.3 μg/m over 20 days of exposure for 5 h per day. Exposed birds had significantly lower cell-mediated immunity (measured using phytohaemagglutinin skin test, p < 0.0001), thyroxine (T4, p = 0.042), and glutathione (GSH, p = 0.034) concentrations than control birds. There was no difference in body condition, antibody response to vaccination, triiodothyronine (T3), hepatic biotransformation (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity), or oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and ratios of reduced to oxidized GSH) or organ masses between exposed and control birds. This study supports findings of previous studies examining wild birds exposed to these air contaminants and raises concern that environmentally relevant concentrations of common urban volatile pollutants may have measurable effects on health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarker Sensitivity to Vehicle Exhaust in Experimentally Exposed European Starlings

North

Rodríguez-Estival

Smits

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Aliquots of whole automobile exhaust continuously diluted with clean air were piped into glass Teflon, stainless steel and aluminum animal exposure chambers. Table 5 shows the gaseous components measured in exhaust-contaminated atmospheres used in these experiments (73). Gas atmosphere analyses were performed for CO, total oxidants, NO2, NO, formaldehyde, acrolein, and olefin.…”

Section: Environmental Health Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Investigations of Toxicity of Automotive Exhaust

Stupfel¹

1976

Environmental Health Perspectives

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Brogan & Partners are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environmental Health Perspectives.The influence of auto exhaust on man's health is difficult to gauge considering the intricacy of human environmental urban stresses and particularly of other air polluting (industrial, domestic) emissions. Epidemiological surveys made in road tunnel employees and in traffic officers have not demonstrated specific effects and have often been complicated by cigarette smoking as a factor. Long-term animal experiments run mostly on small rodents give evidence of little effect of the pathological actions of dilutions such as those encountered in high polluted cities. However the acute toxicity of gasoline exhaust emission is well known and mostly due to carbon monoxide. Considering the different types of cycles and operating conditions of vehicles (gasoline and diesel), auto exhaust gases constitute no more a chemical entity than they show, a definite toxicity. A great number of substances that they contain (nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, antiknock additives, heavy metals, possible catalysts are highly toxic as shown by in vivo and in vitro (mutagenic) tests. Interactions of the components are for the moment ignored or poorly understood. Besides, the evolution of the physicochemical properties and natures of the auto exhaust emission in the gaseous biotope of man under determined conditions of ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, and hygrometry provoke the formation of secondary products such as oxidants and ozone. Several experiments show clearly that irradiation increases the toxicity of auto exhaust significantly. For these reasons, geographical, meteorological, and chronological (circadian and seasonal) factors should be taken into consideration, especially with regard to emission standards.

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“…5 -6 This report contains results of animal studies obtained during exposure to atmospheres produced by two different production units. In the first series 7 of tests (hereafter referred to as EQUILIBRIUM series) the desired concentrations of exhaust gases were established under dynamic flow conditions and the mixture was irradiated for 90 minutes before beginning animal exposures. This permitted sufficient time for photochemical reactions to proceed to, or nearly to, equilibrium conditions.…”

Section: Experimental Atmospheresmentioning

confidence: 99%