Effects of wind and rain on thermal responses of humans in a mildly cold environment

Yamane, Motoi; Oida, Yukio; Ohnishi, Norikazu; Matsumoto, Takaaki; Kitagawa, Koki

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1369-y

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We found that rainfall had a negative effect on activity and that the negative effect was more pronounced when the temperature was low. Yamane et al [ 57 ] showed that, at an ambient temperature of 15°C, lightly clothed humans lost twice as much heat in conditions with rainfall than in conditions without rainfall, and heat production increased 2.5 times. Therefore, getting wet may impose a serious thermoregulatory problem for macaques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall

et al. 2018

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Animals are subject to various scales of temporal environmental fluctuations, among which daily and seasonal variations are two of the most widespread and significant ones. Many biotic and abiotic factors change temporally, and climatic factors are particularly important because they directly affect the cost of thermoregulation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the activity patterns of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) with a special emphasis on the effect of thermal conditions. We set 30 camera traps in the coniferous forest of Yakushima and monitored them for a total of 8658 camera-days between July 2014 and July 2015. Over the one-year period, temperature had a positive effect, and rainfall had a negative effect on the activity of macaques during the day. Capture rate was significantly higher during the time period of one hour after sunrise and during midday. During winter days, macaques concentrated their activity around noon, and activity shifted from the morning toward the afternoon. This could be interpreted as macaques shifting their activity to warmer time periods within a single day. Japanese macaques decreased their activity during the time before sunrise in seasons with lower temperatures. It was beneficial for macaques to be less active during cooler time periods in a cold season. Even small amounts of rainfall negatively affected the activity of Japanese macaques, with capture rates decreasing significantly even when rainfall was only 0.5–1 mm/min. In conclusion, thermal conditions significantly affected the activity of wild Japanese macaques at various time scales.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall

et al. 2018

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“…The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was determined using the Borg scale immediately after each exercise period [ 3 ] . In the cold condition experiment, subjects were asked about the presence of shivering every 2 min during the rest periods, and the time of shivering onset was recorded [ 31 ] .…”

Section: Rate Of Perceived Exertion and Shiveringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Responses in Alpine Skiers during On-Snow Training Simulation in the Cold

et al. 2013

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This study examined the physiological responses to cold stimulus during intermittent high-intensity exercise simulating on-snow alpine ski training. 7 male alpine skiers performed intermittent high-intensity exercises composed of 4 bouts of cycling exercise at 140% VO 2max intensity for 30 s with 10-min rests on a cycle ergometer in cold (1°C) and control (22°C) conditions. The subjects wore racing suits, middle layers and half pants designed for alpine skiers. Rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were lower in the cold condition than in the control condition (36.8 ± 0.5 vs. 37.1 ± 0.1°C and 28.4 ± 0.6 vs. 33.3 ± 0.6°C, respectively). Oxygen consumption during rests and the last 2 bouts of exercise was higher in the cold condition than in the control condition. Although plasma noradrenaline and serum triglyceride were higher in the cold condition than in the control condition, plasma glucose, adrenaline and serum glycerol were lower. Serum free fatty acid and plasma lactate concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 conditions. These results indicate that a cold stimulus affects body temperature and energy metabolism and may lead to a decrease in exercise capacity in alpine skiers during on-snow training.

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“…Adding moisture, even humidity, to the equation results in significantly greater body temperature loss due to conduction and evaporative cooling (Parsons, 2014). Exposure to wet and cold environments result in dramatically higher metabolic stress and thermal loss than in dry conditions (Thompson and Hayward, 1996; Weller et al, 1997; Yamane et al, 2010). Thompson and Hayward (1996) reported a 10°C reduction in rectal temperature in healthy men after just 2 h of exposure to wet and cold conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

The evolutionary adaptation of the C282Y mutation to culture and climate during the European Neolithic

Heath

Axton

McCullough

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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ObjectivesThe C282Y allele is the major cause of hemochromatosis as a result of excessive iron absorption. The mutation arose in continental Europe no earlier than 6,000 years ago, coinciding with the arrival of the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Here we hypothesize that this new Neolithic diet, which originated in the sunny warm and dry climates of the Middle East, was carried by migrating farmers into the chilly and damp environments of Europe where iron is a critical micronutrient for effective thermoregulation. We argue that the C282Y allele was an adaptation to this novel environment.Materials and MethodsTo address our hypothesis, we compiled C282Y allele frequencies, known Neolithic sites in Europe and climatic data on temperature and rainfall for statistical analysis.ResultsOur findings indicate that the geographic cline for C282Y frequency in Europe increases as average temperatures decrease below 16°C, a critical threshold for thermoregulation, with rainy days intensifying the trend.DiscussionThe results indicate that the deleterious C282Y allele, responsible for most cases of hemochromatosis, may have evolved as a selective advantage to culture and climate during the European Neolithic. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:86–101, 2016. © 2016 The Authors American Journal of Physical Anthropology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Effects of wind and rain on thermal responses of humans in a mildly cold environment

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall

Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall

Physiological Responses in Alpine Skiers during On-Snow Training Simulation in the Cold

The evolutionary adaptation of the C282Y mutation to culture and climate during the European Neolithic

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