Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall

Hanya, Goro; Otani, Y.; Hongo, Satoshi; Honda, Takeshi; Okamura, Hiroki; Higo, Yuma

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190631

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…With respect to seasonality, the activity of macaques is influenced positively by temperature and negatively by rainfall (Hanya et al, 2018). During the dry‐cool season (November–February), with the lowest temperature and scarcest food supply in the forest, M. leonina reduces its home range to the smallest size possible (Albert, Huynen, Savini, & Hambuckers, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we relied on infrared camera traps to obtain data on the patterns of habitat use and activity of each species (Ridout & Linkie, 2009). Camera traps are increasingly being used to collect behavioral and ecological data on wild primates that are rare or which inhabit mountainous areas characterized by steep and difficult to traverse slopes, or in those areas where primates are hunted and avoid humans (Coudrat & Nekaris, 2013; Hanya et al, 2018; Kaisin, Gazagne, Savini, Huynen, & Brotcorne, 2018; McCarthy et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macaca leonina has a wider niche breadth than sympatric M. mulatta in a fragmented tropical forest in southwest China

Sun

Cao

Liu

et al. 2020

American J Primatol

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Niche differentiation has long been identified as an essential stabilizing mechanism for the coexistence of sympatric species. Using camera trapping data obtained during 2012–2016, we identified Macaca leonina and M. mulatta as the dominant macaque species in the Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve (NRW‐NNR), a tropical forest in southwestern China. In general, M. leonina exhibited a wider distribution and greater niche breadth than co‐occurring M. mulatta. According to a fitted maximum entropy model (MaxEnt), M. leonina was predicted to predominantly occur in forest at higher elevation, whereas M. mulatta was predicted at lower elevation; the broadleaved evergreen forest was predicted as the most suitable vegetation for both species to inhabit, while the unsuitable area was bordered by rubber plantation, in which both food scarcity and human disturbance restricted the movement of macaques. Although the niches of these two species highly overlapped across space and time, we also found evidence for their spatiotemporal niche differentiation. When the two species inhabited independent areas with different elevations and vegetation, they maintained a similar activity pattern; however, in the zones of overlap, their activity patterns differed significantly. Further comparative field studies of these two macaques, considering other niche dimensions, are required to ensure their coexistence and long‐term conservation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macaca leonina has a wider niche breadth than sympatric M. mulatta in a fragmented tropical forest in southwest China

Sun

Cao

Liu

et al. 2020

American J Primatol

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“…Another reason to limit the number of photos taken by camera traps is storage limitations on cameras (Rasambainarivo et al, 2017; Hanya et al, 2018). When classifying images manually, we might try to use high resolution photos to improve technicians’ abilities to accurately classify images, but higher resolution photos require more storage on cameras.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine learning to classify animal species in camera trap images: applications in ecology

Tabak

Sadegh

Wolfson

et al. 2018

Preprint

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All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.(which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. from Canada. We also tested the ability of our model to distinguish empty images from those 56 with animals in another out-of-sample dataset from Tanzania, containing a faunal community 57 that was novel to the model. (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/346809 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jun. 13, 2018; 3 4. The use of machine learning to rapidly and accurately classify wildlife in camera trap images 66 can facilitate non-invasive sampling designs in ecological studies by reducing the burden of 67 manually analyzing images. We present an R package making these methods accessible to 68 ecologists. We discuss the implications of this technology for ecology and considerations that 69 should be addressed in future implementations of these methods. 70

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“…As noted by others [76], a very small amount of rain (< 1 mm) can suppress activity of primates when it occurs at the time the behavior would normally occur. This behavioral response is presumably a component of thermoregulation since rainwater immediately absorbs heat from the body, and evaporation continues the heat loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Initiation of feeding by four sympatric Neotropical primates (Ateles belzebuth, Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, Plecturocebus (Callicebus) discolor, and Pithecia aequatorialis) in Amazonian Ecuador: Relationships to photic and ecological factors

et al. 2019

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We examined photic and ecological factors related to initiation of feeding by four sympatric primates in the rain forest of Amazonian Ecuador. With rare exceptions, morning activities of all taxa began only after the onset of nautical twilight, which occurred 47–48 min before sunrise. The larger spider and woolly monkeys, Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, left their sleeping trees before sunrise about half the time, while the smaller sakis and titi monkeys, Pithecia aequatorialis and Plecturocebus (formerly Callicebus) discolor, did not emerge until sunrise or later. None of the four taxa routinely began feeding before sunrise. Pithecia began feeding a median 2.17 h after sunrise, at least 0.8 h later than the median feeding times of the other three taxa. The early movement of Ateles and Lagothrix, and late initiation of feeding by Pithecia are consistent with temporal niche partitioning. Among most New World primate species, all males and many females, have dichromatic color vision, with only two cone photopigments, while some females are trichromats with three cone photopigments. Current evidence indicates that the dichromats have a foraging advantage in dim light, which could facilitate utilization of twilight periods and contribute to temporal niche partitioning. However, in our study, dichromatic males did not differentially exploit the dim light of twilight, and times of first feeding bouts of female Ateles and Lagothrix were similar to those of males. First feeding bouts followed a seasonal pattern, occurring latest in May-August, when ripe fruit abundance and ambient temperature were both relatively low. The most frugivorous taxon, Ateles, exhibited the greatest seasonality, initiating feeding 1.4 h later in May-August than in January-April. This pattern may imply a strategy of conserving energy when ripe fruit is scarcer, but starting earlier to compete successfully when fruit is more abundant. Lower temperatures were associated with later feeding of Ateles (by 26 min / °C) and perhaps Pithecia, but not Lagothrix or Plecturocebus. The potential for modification of temporal activity patterns and temporal niche partitioning by relatively small changes in temperature should be considered when predicting the effects of climate change.

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Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall

Cited by 27 publications

References 61 publications

Macaca leonina has a wider niche breadth than sympatric M. mulatta in a fragmented tropical forest in southwest China

Macaca leonina has a wider niche breadth than sympatric M. mulatta in a fragmented tropical forest in southwest China

Machine learning to classify animal species in camera trap images: applications in ecology

Initiation of feeding by four sympatric Neotropical primates (Ateles belzebuth, Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, Plecturocebus (Callicebus) discolor, and Pithecia aequatorialis) in Amazonian Ecuador: Relationships to photic and ecological factors

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