Effects of wild zooplankton versus enriched rotifers and Artemia on the biochemical composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Rocha, Giseli Swerts; Katan, Tomer; Parrish, Christopher C.; Gamperl, A. Kurt

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.05.025

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In these larvae, overall LNA contents were usually very low. This is not surprising since Artemia were not included in the larval diets (Table 3), and Artemia are usually characterized by high LNA levels (Rocha et al, 2017). The requirements for omega n-6 seemed to be met regardless of the diet, as indicated by their elimination in neutral lipids and their incorporation into polar lipids at percentages lower than those found in the different diets (Figure 2).…”

Section: Nutritional Ratios and Fatty Acid Composition Fd Ratio In Larvaementioning

confidence: 96%

Essential Fatty Acid Requirements in Tropical and Cold-Water Marine Fish Larvae and Juveniles

et al. 2021

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To improve survival at early developmental stages (larvae and juveniles) of captive fish species, essential nutrients [i.e., essential fatty acids (EFA)] need to be identified. The physiological needs are likely to be different among species, particularly among those using different thermal habitats, because lipids are largely used to maintain cell membrane integrity (homeoviscous adaptation) in fishes. This review paper will focus on currently published research and the main results from our laboratories regarding optimum qualitative EFA requirements during larval and early juvenile stages in a warm-water marine species, the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), and a cold-water marine species, the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). To identify the qualitative optimal EFA requirements, we calculated the ratio of certain fatty acids (FA) in larval or early juvenile tissues to total FA present in the diet. This ratio indicates whether a specific FA from prey is selectively incorporated by larvae and juveniles. Overall, we found that young larvae from both cold- and warm-water species have greater demands for n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) than do larvae at weaning stages. However, the qualitative EFA requirements of the cold-water species at all early developmental stages were higher than those of the warm-water species. Enriched rotifer diets provided satisfactory amounts of omega 3 and omega 6 in Florida pompano, with small selective retention for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), suggesting a potential minor diet deficiency in these EFA. There were higher deficiencies in the cold-water species fed enriched rotifers, as demonstrated by the higher selective retentions of all EFA (DHA, EPA, and ARA), with the exception of larvae fed with copepods. The physiological needs in EFA for juvenile development seemed to be better met for both species when they were fed micro pellets. From the beginning of settlement and in young juveniles, qualitative values of 12% DHA, 10% EPA, 5% ARA, and 40% PUFA of total FA seem to be required for winter flounder juvenile development. In Florida pompano, these requirements could be met until larger juvenile stages, with 15% DHA, 3% EPA, 2% ARA, 2% DPA, and total PUFA below 30% of total FA. This review was done to aid future research aiming to develop nutritionally balanced microdiets or live-prey enrichment diets to satisfy the physiological requirements of captive tropical and cold-water marine fish species.

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Section: Nutritional Ratios and Fatty Acid Composition Fd Ratio In Larvaementioning

confidence: 96%

Essential Fatty Acid Requirements in Tropical and Cold-Water Marine Fish Larvae and Juveniles

et al. 2021

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“…Although farmed copepods constitute an alternative to their wild counterparts, they are challenging to produce, and the limited supply of high-quality cysts cannot meet the demand of the rapidly expanding marine finfish hatcheries. Therefore, the traditional use of live preys including rotifers and Artemia nauplii remains the most common choice to feed larval stages of any established marine finfish species such as Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Hamre et al, 2008;Rocha et al, 2017) and Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Evjemo et al, 2003) as well as new emerging species like Amberjack Seriola dumerili (Papandroulakis et al, 2005;Yamamoto et al, 2008) and ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta (Øie et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term lecithin enrichments can enhance the phospholipid and DHA contents of the polar lipid fraction of Artemia nauplii

et al. 2019

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Wild copepods are the main natural diet of marine finfish and they meet the larvae's requirements in phospholipids and essential fatty acids (EFA). While Artemia nauplii are an easier and more reliable live feed to produce in hatcheries for marine fish larvae than wild zooplankton, enrichment products commercially used lack phospholipids and essential longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). This is particularly true for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) within their polar lipid fraction (PLDHA), which is critical to the survival and good development of the larvae. In this study, we showed that it is possible to increase the levels of phospholipids and DHA within the PL fraction of Artemia nauplii using marine lecithin through a process referred to as "boosting". A cheaper alternative to marine lecithin, soya lecithin, was also tested but resulted only in a significant increase of the phospholipid content of the nauplii with no positive effect on the essential LC-PUFA levels, due to the absence of LC-PUFA in the soya lecithin. This study also showed that the levels of PLDHA in the Artemia boosted with marine lecithin did not reflect the levels of PLDHA in the lecithin, highlighting there the complexity of the boosting process. Finally, chilling enriched Artemia nauplii at 5 ºC for up to 10 h did not impact on their nutritional quality post-enrichment. Ultimately, this study proposes innovative and sound enrichment strategies to produce Artemia nauplii rich in EFA and/or PL, similarly to that of the wild copepods' lipid profile.

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“…This, coupled with significant larval development and prolonged larval survival, indicates that though the larvae preyed upon and could obtain partial nourishment, enriched rotifers lacked the balanced nutritional profile required for sustained larval survival of orange‐spotted grouper. Likewise, Roch et al (2017) had reported that even with enrichment, nutritional value of rotifers is inferior to that required for rearing marine finfish larvae. Rotifers, as sole initial feed source for Plectropomus leopardus larvae, negatively impacted growth rates and survival (Burgess et al, 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced larval survival in orange‐spotted grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) using optimized feeding regime

Ranjan

Megarajan

Xavier

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Research

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Groupers, with ubiquitous distribution in warm and temperate marine waters, are highly valued for their flesh quality (Ottolenghi et al., 2004) and are intensively exploited in the coastal artisanal fishery resulting in them being over-fished (Morris et al., 2000;Sadovy, 2000). For alleviating the fishing pressure, farming of groupers commenced in the 1980s, driven by their organoleptic qualities, robustness under crowded conditions and rapid growth at elevated temperatures. Among the various grouper species existent in southeast Asia, orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, with high market prices and demand, contributes significantly to the live fish trade. The species is euryhaline and eurythermal, and like other serranids, protogynous hermaphrodites.Triggered by the high market value of orange-spotted grouper and the sporadic supply of juveniles from the wild, broodstock development, induced breeding and seed production were initiated four decades back (Chen et al., 1977). Subsequently, natural spawning (Toledo et al., 1993;Yousif et al., 2016) year-round (Ranjan et al., 2017 was reported, albeit with low larval survival and inconsistent seed production (Rimmer & Glamuzina, 2019;Yousif et al., 2016).Despite the advancement in larviculture techniques for other marine finfish, heavy mortality during orange-spotted grouper larval production is common between three and 9 days after hatching.

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Effects of wild zooplankton versus enriched rotifers and Artemia on the biochemical composition of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Cited by 20 publications

References 58 publications

Essential Fatty Acid Requirements in Tropical and Cold-Water Marine Fish Larvae and Juveniles

Essential Fatty Acid Requirements in Tropical and Cold-Water Marine Fish Larvae and Juveniles

Short-term lecithin enrichments can enhance the phospholipid and DHA contents of the polar lipid fraction of Artemia nauplii

Enhanced larval survival in orange‐spotted grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) using optimized feeding regime

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