Short-term lecithin enrichments can enhance the phospholipid and DHA contents of the polar lipid fraction of Artemia nauplii

Abstract

Wild copepods are the main natural diet of marine finfish and they meet the larvae's requirements in phospholipids and essential fatty acids (EFA). While Artemia nauplii are an easier and more reliable live feed to produce in hatcheries for marine fish larvae than wild zooplankton, enrichment products commercially used lack phospholipids and essential longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). This is particularly true for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) within their polar lipid fraction (PLDHA), which is critical to the survival and good development of the larvae. In this study, we showed that it is possible to increase the levels of phospholipids and DHA within the PL fraction of Artemia nauplii using marine lecithin through a process referred to as "boosting". A cheaper alternative to marine lecithin, soya lecithin, was also tested but resulted only in a significant increase of the phospholipid content of the nauplii with no positive effect on the essential LC-PUFA levels, due to the absence of LC-PUFA in the soya lecithin. This study also showed that the levels of PLDHA in the Artemia boosted with marine lecithin did not reflect the levels of PLDHA in the lecithin, highlighting there the complexity of the boosting process. Finally, chilling enriched Artemia nauplii at 5 ºC for up to 10 h did not impact on their nutritional quality post-enrichment. Ultimately, this study proposes innovative and sound enrichment strategies to produce Artemia nauplii rich in EFA and/or PL, similarly to that of the wild copepods' lipid profile.

Enriching Artemia nauplii with selenium from different sources and interactions with essential fatty acid incorporation

“…Nauplii from SP12 treatment contained, in addition to 4.2 mg Se kg -1 , markedly higher levels of essential fatty acids such as DHA (18.0 ± 1.1 %). This data is consistent with an Artemia enrichment study that showed the high efficiency of Larviva Multigain at supplying DHA, in which levels of 21.8 ± 0.7 % DHA postenrichment were obtained (Cavrois-Rogacki et al, 2019). Furthermore, none of the treatments with Sel-Plex significantly affected the levels of essential fatty acids (i.e.…”

Effect of Short-Term Rotifer Enrichment With Marine Phospholipids on Growth, Survival, and Composition of Meager (Argyrosomus regius) Larvae

“…n−3/n-6 4.0 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1 2.1 ± 0.4 2.6 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.4 DHA/EPA 6.2 ± 0.4 20.3 ± 1.0d 11.5 ± 0.5b 5.1± 0.2a 16.5 ± 0.9c 10.7 ± 0.7b 5.4 ± 1.2a The use of commercial enrichers for 12 h followed by the addition of marine phospholipids (LC60) using a short-term enrichment of 3 h was effective for that in the case of rotifers, as it has been shown by other authors (Olsen et al, 2014;Li and Olsen, 2015;Mylonas et al, 2016). In the case of Artemia a recent paper published by Rogacki et al (2019) showed that a certain amount of PLs can be obtained using Multigain as enricher and LC60 as the phospholipid source, similarly to our results, and open the possibility of using this PL-enriched Artemia in the future. Olsen et al (2014) and Li et al (2014) obtained a level of 9.4% of DHA (in % total fatty acids) in the PL fraction of the rotifers enriched with Marol E and suggested that this low level might be genetically or metabolically constrained.…”

“…On the other hand, copepods, the live prey that the larvae feed in the wild, are rich in phospholipids and in n−3 PUFA. Although the content of PL per dry weight (DW) of rotifers and Artemia cannot be manipulated, the fatty acid composition of PL can be modified in some degree (Guinot et al, 2013;Li et al, 2014;Rogacki et al, 2019). Supplementation of PL is usually carried out using commercial lecithin, either obtained from plants (soybean), chicken eggs, or pure phospholipids.…”

“…Supplementation of PL is usually carried out using commercial lecithin, either obtained from plants (soybean), chicken eggs, or pure phospholipids. Recently several marine phospholipids derived from krill, with a better fatty acid profile in terms of n−3 PUFA, are also available and have been used for Artemia enrichment (Guinot et al, 2013;Rogacki et al, 2019). One of the main problems in enriching the Artemia with DHA and PLs is the rapid metabolism of the metanauplii, that retroconvert DHA into EPA (Navarro et al, 1999), and when these LC-PUFA are delivered to Artemia as PLs, the metanauplii metabolize them into other lipid classes, particularly triacylglycerols (TAG), metabolizing EFA from PL fraction into the NL fraction (Guinot et al, 2013), being one of the most important handicaps for bioencapsulation of PLs and LC-PUFA in Artemia.…”

The effects of soy lecithin–enriched Artemia on growth and survival of the early stages of green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus)

“…Rotifers and brine shrimps are the most commonly used live feeds in aquaculture, given relatively low-cost protocols for fixed batch production (Conceição et al 2010). Artemia enrichment has long been applied in hatcheries all over the world for enhancing the nutritional value of Artemia with essential fatty acids (Van Stappen 1996;McEvoy et al 1997;Agh and Sorgeloos 2005;Rogacki et al 2019). Nevertheless, their suitability as a diet for marine larvae is often questioned because of their relatively low phospholipid content compared with natural prey.…”