Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles

Varady, Krista A; Dam, Vi; Klempel, Monica C.; Horne, Matthew J.; Cruz, Rani; Kroeger, Cynthia M.; Santosa, Sylvia

doi:10.1038/srep07561

Cited by 47 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In one study, ADF for 2 months resulted in decreases in resting heart rate, and circulating levels of glucose, insulin and homocysteine, all of which are favorable with regards to the risk of cardiovascular disease (Klempel et al, 2012). In another study, 2 months of ADF reduced fat mass, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (Varady et al, 2015). However, there have been few studies that have evaluated the relative effects of IF and CER on cardiovascular risk markers.…”

Section: If In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of specific IF diets include: complete fasting every other day (Bruce-Keller et al, 1999; Anson et al, 2003); 70% energy restriction every other day (Johnson et al, 2007; Varady et al, 2015); consuming only 500–700 cal two consecutive days/week (Harvie et al, 2011); and restricting food intake to a 6–8 h time period daily, which has also been termed ‘time restricted feeding’ (TRF) (Chaix et al, 2014). Examples of PF include a 4–5 day FMD (Brandhorst et al, 2015), 2–5 days of water only fasting (Raffaghello et al, 2008; Safdie et al, 2009), and 7 days of a FMD (Choi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes

Mattson

Longo

Harvie

2017

Ageing Research Reviews

811

621

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Humans in modern societies typically consume food at least three times daily, while laboratory animals are fed ad libitum. Overconsumption of food with such eating patterns often leads to metabolic morbidities (insulin resistance, excessive accumulation of visceral fat, etc.), particularly when associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Because animals, including humans, evolved in environments where food was relatively scarce, they developed numerous adaptations that enabled them to function at a high level, both physically and cognitively, when in a food-deprived/fasted state. Intermittent fasting (IF) encompasses eating patterns in which individuals go extended time periods (e.g., 16–48h) with little or no energy intake, with intervening periods of normal food intake, on a recurring basis. We use the term periodic fasting (PF) to refer to IF with periods of fasting or fasting mimicking diets lasting from 2 to as many as 21 or more days. In laboratory rats and mice IF and PF have profound beneficial effects on many different indices of health and, importantly, can counteract disease processes and improve functional outcome in experimental models of a wide range of age-related disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease and stroke. Studies of IF (e.g., 60% energy restriction on 2 days per week or every other day), PF (e.g., a 5 day diet providing 750–1100 kcal) and time-restricted feeding (TRF; limiting the daily period of food intake to 8 h or less) in normal and overweight human subjects have demonstrated efficacy for weight loss and improvements in multiple health indicators including insulin resistance and reductions in risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which IF improves health and counteracts disease processes involve activation of adaptive cellular stress response signaling pathways that enhance mitochondrial health, DNA repair and autophagy. PF also promotes stem cell-based regeneration as well as long-lasting metabolic effects. Randomized controlled clinical trials of IF versus PF and isoenergetic continuous energy restriction in human subjects will be required to establish the efficacy of IF in improving general health, and preventing and managing major diseases of aging.

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Section: If In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes

Mattson

Longo

Harvie

2017

Ageing Research Reviews

811

621

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“…investigating CCR and 4 studying ICR. The 2 studies of ICR comparing low and high fat showed no difference between the groups [88,89] and similarly with CCR, Brinkworth et al [90] and Kirk et al [91] found no difference between a high fat, low carbohydrate diet and a low fat, high carbohydrate diet for weight, fat mass, fat-free mass or intra-abdominal fat and time to achieve 7% weight loss was the same. Nevertheless, Pascale et al [92] found that the addition of low fat to CR enhanced weight loss overall but when analysed into those with T2D and those without but with a family history of the condition, it appeared that the fat restriction only assisted weight loss in those with T2D and made no difference in those without.…”

Section: Continuous Caloric Restriction (Ccr) Versus Intermittent Calmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Nevertheless, Pascale et al [92] found that the addition of low fat to CR enhanced weight loss overall but when analysed into those with T2D and those without but with a family history of the condition, it appeared that the fat restriction only assisted weight loss in those with T2D and made no difference in those without. To support this conclusion, the study by Brinkworth et al [90] and the 2 studies of ICR [88,89] which showed not difference, all compared high and low fat diets in subjects without T2D. In addition, Das et al [35] found that in young, overweight adults there was no difference in weight, percentage fat loss, fat-free mass or resting metabolic rate between 30% CR with a low glycaemic or a high glycaemic load.…”

Section: Continuous Caloric Restriction (Ccr) Versus Intermittent Calmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reversal of obesity: the quest for the optimum dietary regimen

Nicoll

2017

IJN

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A new approach to weight loss and weight loss maintenance is urgently needed, with the global epidemic of obesity leading to ever higher levels of chronic disease. This new approach should be cheap and simple, it should maintain essential nutrients and not deplete lean mass, should have minimal adverse effects and be carried out safely at home without support from the healthcare profession. This review looked at the forms of caloric restriction (CR) investigated in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and found that supervised continuous and intermittent CR was more effective than other forms of weight loss over periods from 12 weeks to 2 years and could improve cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. CR was equally as effective as bariatric surgery, suggesting that it is the post-surgery caloric restriction that has the impact on weight, rather than the surgery itself. Intermittent CR, including alternate day fasting (ADF), was as effective as continuous CR but may show improved compliance and higher lean mass. Unsupervised weight loss maintenance presents a greater problem, since in most weight loss regimens all the weight lost is ultimately regained. Although both continuous and intermittent CR can be effective, it has been found that ADF and a higher protein intake is more likely to maintain the weight loss. These results hold for all age groups and ethnicities and both genders. These findings suggest that intermittent CR, and particularly ADF, may be a viable form of weight loss and maintenance which fulfils all the criteria above. It is therefore recommended that larger RCTs investigate intermittent CR and ADF as a viable and cost effective form of weight loss and weight loss maintenance.

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“…IF means abstinence of food and drink in specified time periods. IF can be practiced in different forms, such as abstinence from food every other day (36), significant reduction in caloric consumption every other day (37), moderate caloric restriction for 2 consecutive days/week (38), restricting of food to specific times of a 24-r period, which is called TRF (21), abstinence from food for 1 or 2 days per week and then ad libitum food consumption for the rest of the week, as well as the diurnal IF performed by Muslims during the month of Ramadan where fasting performers abstain from food as well as drinks from dawn to sunset for the whole month (29-30 days) (39).…”

Section: Intermittent Fasting and Cardiometabolic Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%