Effects of water level on sleeping‐site selection and inter‐group association in proboscis monkeys: why do they sleep alone inland on flooded days?

Matsuda, Ikki; Tuuga, Augustine; Higashi, Seigo

doi:10.1007/s11284-009-0677-3

Cited by 98 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Reports of primate-felid interactions in mangroves are scarce. Matsuda et al [2008] report clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) prey on proboscis monkeys in Sabah, Malaysia, and the proboscis monkeys sleep in flooded mangroves where they are safe from leopards and other predators [Matsuda et al, 2010]. More study is needed to see if the rarest, most endangered and taxonomically distinct primates coexist with the rarest, most endangered and distinct felids in swamp forests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids

Nowak

2013

IJFP

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Swamp forests may be important refuges for primates and felids where these taxa are threatened with habitat loss. Mangrove and peat swamp forests, impenetrable, wet habitats, inaccessible and uninhabitable for humans, may, in some regions, be the most significant remaining habitats for threatened species. They are nevertheless neglected in field studies compared to relatively species-rich, terrestrial tropical forests probably, in part, because of the difficulties associated with surveying them. As a result, maps of mammal distributions may overlook swamp forests although camera-trapping is gradually rectifying this gap. I have compiled and mapped records of over 60 primate and 20 felid taxa reported to use mangrove and peat swamp forests in Africa and Asia at 47 sites, of which 21 are Afrotropical mangrove, 25 are Indo-Malayan mangrove or peat swamp forest, and 1 is an outlying mangrove site in Japan. Eleven of these are designated Ramsar Sites. I highlight key sites of conservation priority on the basis of primate and felid species richness and composite ‘threat scores’. Petit Loango in Gabon and Gunung Palung National Park in Indonesia emerged as top priority sites in Africa and Asia, respectively. Further research on the role of swamp forests in the ecology and persistence of threatened mammals is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids

Nowak

2013

IJFP

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“…45,61 While capped langur OMUs do not jointly defend against their jackal predators, 71 band formation among proboscis monkeys may well be a strategy against both crocodilian and feline predators. 72,73 If the preceding arguments for multilevel social organization in snubnosed monkeys are broadly correct, they should help us to understand multi-level social organization in other species as well.…”

Section: Beyond Snub-nosed Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snub‐nosed monkeys: Multilevel societies across varied environments

Kirkpatrick¹,

Grüter

2010

Evolutionary Anthropology

107

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The ecology and behavior of the four species of Rhinopithecus, snub-nosed monkeys, are rapidly becoming well known. New field studies reveal in depth the striking adaptations of these colobines. Diets range from those typical for tropical colobines to diets dominated by lichens. The monkeys form bands, at times consisting of more than 400 individuals; these bands are based on the one-male, multi-female units common in colobines. We review the diet, range use, and social organization of snub-nosed monkeys, and then explore the power of socioecological theory to explain their multilevel social organization.Snub-nosed monkeys represent an ecological array, from the Tonkin snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus avunculus) of tropical forests in Vietnam to the black snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) of temperate conifer forests in China. The step-wise gradation of environments provides for a step-wise gradation of behaviors, making this array particularly informative. Further, the harsh environments of black snub-nosed monkeys and golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), in which snows are common in winter, put their adaptations in stark relief. Snub-nosed monkeys are useful in understanding the behavioral flexibility of primates, as well as in investigating the influence of environment on both feeding ecology and social organization.

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“…When the river water level was high at our study site (after several rainy days), we could not find proboscis monkey groups sleeping along the edge of the river. We suggest that flooded forest grounds provide proboscis monkeys with the required protection against terrestrial predators, so that they did not need to travel to the riverbank to find sleeping site refuges [Matsuda et al, 2010].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Use and Selection of Sleeping Sites by Proboscis Monkeys, Nasalis larvatus, along the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia

Thiry

Stark²,

Goossens³

et al. 2016

IJFP

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The choice of a sleeping site is crucial for primates and may influence their survival. In this study, we investigated several tree characteristics influencing the sleeping site selection by proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) along Kinabatangan River, in Sabah, Malaysia. We identified 81 sleeping trees used by one-male and all-male social groups from November 2011 to January 2012. We recorded 15 variables for each tree. Within sleeping sites, sleeping trees were taller, had a larger trunk, with larger and higher first branches than surrounding trees. The crown contained more mature leaves, ripe and unripe fruits but had vines less often than surrounding trees. In addition, in this study, we also focused on a larger scale, considering sleeping and non-sleeping sites. Multivariate analyses highlighted a combination of 6 variables that revealed the significance of sleeping trees as well as surrounding trees in the selection process. During our boat surveys, we observed that adult females and young individuals stayed higher in the canopy than adult males. This pattern may be driven by their increased vulnerability to predation. Finally, we suggest that the selection of particular sleeping tree features (i.e. tall, high first branch) by proboscis monkeys is mostly influenced by antipredation strategies.

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Effects of water level on sleeping‐site selection and inter‐group association in proboscis monkeys: why do they sleep alone inland on flooded days?

Cited by 98 publications

References 27 publications

Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids

Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids

Snub‐nosed monkeys: Multilevel societies across varied environments

Use and Selection of Sleeping Sites by Proboscis Monkeys, Nasalis larvatus, along the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia

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