Effects of Water Hardness and Dissolved Organic Material on Bioavailability of Selected Organic Chemicals

Akkanen, Jarkko; Kukkonen, Jussi V. K.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<2303:eowhad>2.0.co;2

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The BCFs (total radioactivity) varied only slightly between the treatments ( p > 0.05). Earlier, similar results to those reported here, with insignificant differences in BCFs [24], have been reported, but the opposite also have been found [37,38]. Thus, bioconcentration of pyrene is not so evidently decreased in the presence of DOM, as with certain other PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene [24,34,39].…”

Section: Dom Modulating Toxicokinetics Of Pyrene In Daphnia Magnasupporting

confidence: 90%

Dissolved organic matter modulating the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination rates of pyrene in Daphnia magna

Ruotsalainen¹,

Akkanen²,

Kukkonen³

2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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In the current study, the toxicokinetics of pyrene in Daphnia magna was determined in detail, and the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in these processes was investigated. Uptake, biotransformation, parent compound and metabolite elimination rates (k(u), k(m), k(ep), k(em)), depuration rates, bioconcentration factors (BCFs), and biological half-lives were studied in one natural humic water, in two waters made from DOM isolates, and in DOM-free artificial fresh water. The daphnids were exposed to pyrene for 24 h and depurated for another 24 h. To analyze the data, the two-compartment model was used to obtain toxicokinetic parameters, and the depuration data were analyzed by linear regression. Extensive biotransformation of pyrene resulted in high metabolite concentration in the organisms (83% of total radioactivity) after 24 h exposure. Depuration of the parent compound seemed to be biphasic: at first, depuration was rapid, but after 4 to 10 h in uncontaminated water, the disappearance rate came close to zero. After a 24-h depuration time, 7.8% of the pyrene accumulated remained in the organism. Overall, the elimination of parent compound was faster than the elimination of metabolites, which might imply inefficient excretion of water-soluble biotransformation products from daphnids. The effect of DOM on accumulation of pyrene was seen in a decreased uptake rate, indicating lower bioavailability of the compound in waters that contain high-aromaticity DOM. In the same waters, DOM significantly accelerated pyrene biotransformation and overall elimination. Altogether, DOM appears to be able to affect toxicokinetics through mechanisms that are connected to interaction with the contaminant but also directly through interaction with biotransformation systems.

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Section: Dom Modulating Toxicokinetics Of Pyrene In Daphnia Magnasupporting

confidence: 90%

Dissolved organic matter modulating the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination rates of pyrene in Daphnia magna

Ruotsalainen¹,

Akkanen²,

Kukkonen³

2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Some studies showed that increasing water hardness reduced benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene binding to fulvic acids and, at the same time, increased their bioavailability. Moreover, bioconcentration of pyrene and trichlorobenzene increased with increasing water hardness [38]. A significant role also was observed in other studies of sorption properties (cation-exchange capacity) on the toxicity process of bottom deposits in relation to H. incongruens [39].…”

Section: Toxicity Of Sewage Sludges In Relation To Their Propertiessupporting

confidence: 65%

Heterocypris Incongruens as a Tool to Estimate Sewage Sludge Toxicity

Oleszczuk¹

2007

Environ Toxicol Chem

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The toxicity of 13 sewage sludges was evaluated in relation to the crustacean Heterocypris incongruens. The bioassay used was a commercial, direct contact test that allows evaluation of solid-phase toxicity. Evaluation of sewage sludges included physicochemical properties (pH, total organic C, total N, cation-exchange capacity, total exchangeable bases, available forms of P and K, and electrical conductivity), heavy metal content (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc), and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list). The evaluated parameters were then compared with bioassay results (mortality and growth inhibition). Sewage sludges were characterized by optimal physicochemical properties; low K (Ͻ5.64 mg/kg) and total organic C (177-253 g/kg) levels were noted. Contaminant content (heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) clearly differed between individual sewage sludges. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents ranged from 3.8 to 36.4 mg/kg. Total concentrations of heavy metals in all sewage sludges (with the exception of one sludge) were lower than the pollutant concentration limits for land application. Heterocypris incongruens mortality when sludge was applied at doses of 6, 12, or 24% ranged from 0 to 70%, from 4.7 to 72.1%, and from 0 to 100%, respectively. Average growth inhibition was 39.7 to 46.6% (depending on the sludge dose applied). Any stimulating influence of two sewage sludges on the test organism was recorded. The median lethal concentrations calculated for individual sewage sludges ranged from 88 to 956 g sewage sludge/ kg.

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“…It is likely that the [DOC] values for most of the water samples were so small that the eff ect of a given DOM property became indiscernible from the variability imbedded in the calculated K DOC or the measured DOM property. It is also likely that K DOC of pyrethroids in natural surface waters are determined by multiple DOM characteristics, and simple single component regressions are inadequate to fully describe complex variations in K DOC (Schlautman and Morgan, 1993;Kukkonen and Pellinen, 1994;Akkanen and Kukkonen, 2001). Th e characteristics not considered in this study may include the size and weight distribution and compositions of humic substances (Gauthier et al, 1987;Haitzer et al, 1999;Perminova et al, 1999).…”

Section: Water Samples Permethrin Cyfl Uthrinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of Permethrin and Cyfluthrin in Surface Waters with Low Levels of Dissolved Organic Matter

et al. 2007

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Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides in both agricultural and urban environments, and their potential movement to surface streams and toxicity to susceptible aquatic species is an emerging concern. Natural surface waters usually contain low levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Limited data have shown that DOM preparations can significantly alter the bioavailability and toxicity effects of pyrethroids. However, the importance of these effects in natural waters has not been investigated. In this study we measured uptake and acute toxicity of permethrin and cyfluthrin by Daphnia species in 15 surface water samples. Low levels of DOM (3-20 mg L(-1)) inhibited cyfluthrin uptake by Daphnia magna and acute toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia in most samples. For permethrin, the effects of DOM on bioavailability and toxicity were generally not significant. The effects of DOM on bioavailability of cyfluthrin could not be explained from the DOC concentration alone, suggesting that properties of DOM were also important in regulating bioavailability. Regression of K DOC with selected DOM properties revealed significant dependence of K DOC on the carboxylic acid content of DOM. Moreover, concentrations sensed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were well correlated with the observed changes in bioaccumulation by D. magna and acute toxicity to C. dubia. Therefore, selective sampling methods such as SPME may be used for measuring the bioavailable concentrations of pyrethroids in waters with naturally occurring DOM levels and predicting the actual toxicity effects.

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Effects of Water Hardness and Dissolved Organic Material on Bioavailability of Selected Organic Chemicals

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Dissolved organic matter modulating the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination rates of pyrene in Daphnia magna

Dissolved organic matter modulating the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination rates of pyrene in Daphnia magna

Heterocypris Incongruens as a Tool to Estimate Sewage Sludge Toxicity

Bioavailability of Permethrin and Cyfluthrin in Surface Waters with Low Levels of Dissolved Organic Matter

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