Effects of various surgical procedures on biochemical parameters of Nigerian dogs and their clinical implications

Abstract

Aim:The importance of physical and psychological stress caused by pain during surgery cannot be overemphasized. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ovariohysterectomy (OVH), gastrotomy (GST), and intestinal resection and anastomosis (IRA) on biochemical parameters of Nigerian dogs anesthetized with the xylazine-propofol combination.Materials and Methods:A total of 12 dogs were randomly divided into three groups of four each. The animals were treated with xylazine and propofol anesthetics for OVH, GST, and IRA in Groups 1-3, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 h, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h postsurgery for determination of cortisol (CORT), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GL), and ALB/GL ratio.Results:There were significant increases (p<0.05) in mean CORT concentrations 2 h postsurgery in the three groups and at 24 h in Group 3 and 96 h in Groups 1 and 3, respectively. GLU concentrations increased significantly (p<0.05) in the three groups at 2 h postsurgery. The mean protein concentrations in Groups 2 and 3 decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 2h and 24 h and 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h in Group 3, respectively. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the mean ALB concentrations at 2 h, 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h postsurgery. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean GL concentrations in Group 3 at 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 144 h. All other parameters were not significantly different (p>0.05) in comparison with the control.Conclusion:Xylazine-propofol combination could decrease humoral immune status and increase serum GLU level invariably portending a high risk of diabetes in the vulnerable dogs.

Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Ovariohysterectomized Bitches Using an Alfaxalone–Midazolam–Morphine–Sevoflurane Protocol

“…In this study, plasma GLU increased at 60 min, remained elevated until 3 days, and decreased thereafter. Similar results have been documented in dogs undergoing OHE [ 12 , 47 ]. The maximum GLU levels in the latter studies were observed 1 h after anesthetic premedication, and levels were back to baseline after 24 h post-anesthesia.…”

Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

“…Cardiovascular effects such as hypertension and tachycardia occur when catecholamines interact with the α 2 receptors that modulate the release of norepinephrine in the post-synaptic nerve endings as a result of epinephrine secretion in the adrenal medulla. This process affects the adenylyl cyclase system to increase cardiac contractility [26]. Finally, these receptors have been identified as components of the pain modulating pathway because the α 2 type can inhibit adrenergic impulses [25].…”

“…In the liver, glucocorticoids facilitate the ability to concentrate amino acids from extra-hepatic tissue (skeletal muscle) for subsequent degradation. This occurs because cortisol significantly enhances hepatic glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and subsequently increases the transamination of alanine to pyruvate and then lactate [26]. The release of catecholamines also increases the amount of pyruvate available for its later transformation into glucose [30].…”

The influence of duration on pain stress, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power status in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

“…Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is a common procedure for sterilization of female dogs [1,3,4]. The operation removes both ovaries, the uterine horns and the body of the uterus [2].…”

“…However, if the stress response is prolonged, it results in longer hospitalization. Therefore, alleviating prolonged pain and stress in surgical patients is important for animal health [4]. The stress response is a physiological response to trauma or surgery and is generally considered to be proportional to the degree of surgical trauma [5].…”