Effects of two different types of single exercise modes on salivary C-reactive protein concentration, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in post-myocardial infarction patients

Abstract

Objectives The aim of the study was to determine the effects of two different types of single cardiac rehabilitation (CR) exercise modes on the inflammation status, oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva. Methods The study involved two groups of CR patients: group A ( n = 21) used a cycloergometer, and group B ( n = 21) received breathing and balance exercises. C-reactive protein as an inflammatory biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA) as a measure of the level of oxidative stress and salivary 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) as an index of TAC were performed twice: before the beginning of the CR exercise (pre-CR) and immediately after (post-CR). Results No significant changes were observed for the inflammatory response of saliva after CR exercise regardless of its type. MDA decreased (pre-CR: 39.7 ± 101.9 vs. post-CR: 16.8 ± 44.3 ng·mL −1 ; p < 0.01) and DPPH increased (pre-CR: 25.9 ± 16.7 vs. post-CR: 32.6 ± 14.0% reduction; p < 0.05) after CR exercise in the group B, with similar but not statistically significant changes in the group A. Discussion Two popular exercise modes, especially breathing and balance exercises, reduce salivary oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant potential of saliva in CR patients. The approval of saliva as a non-invasive source of information about inflammation status, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in cardiac patients requires further studies.

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“…MDA is the fi nal product of membrane lipid peroxidation and a sensitive diagnostic parameter for oxidative damage of cells (Kong 2012;Sun et al, 2020;Gawron-Skarbek et al, 2021). In this study, the MDA level in HepG-2 cells showed no signifi cant change at 24 h but enhanced greatly at 48 h (Fig.…”

The Role of Salivary C-Reactive Protein in Systemic and Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review

“…Moreover, as shown by Tauler et al ( 93 ) in a sample of 107 participants participating in two ultra-endurance exercises, sCRP significantly increased after the exercise, while the time to complete the exercise was not related to the sCRP levels. In a study by Gawron-Skarbek et al ( 94 ) on 42 subjects who were middle and older aged adult patients with acute MI, it was revealed that a single cardiac rehabilitation exercise did not change sCRP levels within the 4 weeks of the program. As shown by Izawa et al ( 95 ) in a sample of 1042 male police officers engaged in a system of 24-hours working shifts, more effort was significantly associated with higher sCRP levels.…”

The Impact of Exercise on Redox Equilibrium in Cardiovascular Diseases

“…CVDs are commonly characterized by glucose metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and inflammation, whilst PA is known to improve redox status, insulin sensitivity and endothelial function [ 100 ]. The effects of PA on oxidant–antioxidant equilibrium can be ambiguous and depend on the duration and intensity of exercise; however, in general, they are positive [ 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 ] ( Table 1 ). Physical exercise of different intensities (usually of moderate or of low intensity, and long term) is already widely recommended as an aid in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.…”

“…In group I, no statistically significant differences were observed. Thus, it was demonstrated that the form of PA may have a different impact on antioxidant capabilities or on ROS concentration in saliva in patients after myocardial infarction [ 103 ]. Lately, comprehensive data on redox balance in individuals with CVDs were provided by Tofas et al, who studied patients suffering from CAD.…”