Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurobiological changes in Alzheimer's disease (Review)

Abstract

alzheimer's disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and brain neuronal loss. A pioneering field of research in AD is brain stimulation via electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which may produce clinical benefits. Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), have been developed to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. The purpose of the present review is to identify neurobiological changes, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, apoptotic, neuroprotective and genetic changes, which are associated with repetitive TMS (rTMS) treatment in patients with AD. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the effect of TMS treatment in patients with AD and to identify the associated mechanisms. The present review highlights the changes in inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms, mitochondrial enzymatic activities, and modulation of gene expression (microRNA expression profiles) associated with rTMS or sham procedures. At the molecular level, it has been suggested that EMFs generated by TMS may affect the cell redox status and amyloidogenic processes. TMS may also modulate gene expression by acting on both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. TMS may increase brain cortical excitability, induce specific potentiation phenomena, and promote synaptic plasticity and recovery of impaired functions; thus, it may re-establish cognitive performance in patients with AD. Contents1. introduction 2. TMS 3. ad and niBS by TMS 4. Neurobiological changes associated with TMS in AD 5. Potential side effects associated with TMS treatment 6. discussion 7. conclusion

High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Stimulates Neuronal Growth and Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission

“…Neuronal protrusions are the basis of information communication between neurons, and are the key to the formation of neural networks [ 41 ]. Therefore, we analyzed the growth values of the neuronal protrusions’ total length before and after statistically analyzing terahertz radiation.…”

Sustained Systemic Antioxidative Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation beyond Neurodegeneration: Implications in Therapy in 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson’s Disease

“…The exact mechanism of action remains elusive, but there is evidence that it can bring long-lasting benefits, that may last weeks or even months after the last stimulation [13]. rTMS can exert significant neuroprotective effects by acting on neuronal metabolism, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity, and by acting as a potent antioxidant and neuromodulator [14,15]. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a specialized rTMS protocol that elicits an LTP-like increase in cortical excitability, and is proving to be an attractive and superior choice for neuromodulatory treatments in clinical disorders, mainly due to the rapid onset of modulatory effects compared to conventional rTMS [16].…”

The effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Some research evidence showed that rTMS can effectively improve the neuroplasticity, cortical excitability, and cognitive impairment process in MCI and AD patients 14 . Increasing evidence indicated that more precisely worked neurochemical and neurophysiological functions would be permitted by rTMS 15 . tDCS is another strategy of NIBS.…”

“… 14 Increasing evidence indicated that more precisely worked neurochemical and neurophysiological functions would be permitted by rTMS. 15 tDCS is another strategy of NIBS. Several tDCS studies on patients with AD, chronic insomnia, and depression have reported significant positive effects on improving clinical symptoms.…”