Effects of tramadol, morphine or their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy on peri-operative electroencephalographic responses and post-operative pain

Abstract

Tramadol and morphine administered pre-operatively provided an equal degree of post-operative analgesia in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. A combination of pre-operative low-dose morphine and post-operative tramadol produced better post-operative analgesia than either drug administered alone pre-operatively. Administration of analgesics pre- and post-operatively could result in improved post-operative well-being of ovariohysterectomised dogs.

Sobre a analgesia pós-operatória da morfina, cetamina ou da associação em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva

“…Um fato que poderia ser intrigante em nosso estudo foi que a morfi na não foi efi caz para analgesia pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à OSH, entretanto, de acordo com KONGARA et al (2012), a morfi na também apresentou analgesia limitada em cadelas submetidas à OSH, já que 50% dos animais necessitaram resgate analgésico já na primeira hora de pós-operatório.…”

2015 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats

“…[45][46][47][48] Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrate the anesthestic-sparing and pain-modifying effect of parenteral tramadol in dogs. [49][50][51][52][53] Convincing evidence for a painmodifying effect of oral tramadol, however, remains elusive, and already low plasma levels quickly diminish with sequential administration. [54][55][56][57] one small study of oral tramadol did report a statistically significant increase of mechanical threshold levels in dogs, but only at the 5 and 6 h time points.…”

Effects of a Single Bolus Intravenous Dose of Tramadol on Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

“…Tramadol has gained popularity in small animal practice, because it is perceived to be an effective analgesic without tough control by law. Preemptive administration of tramadol control postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy without significant adverse effects in dogs [14,17]. One of the metabolites from tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol (M1), also has a weak µ agonist effect and has up to 200 times more µ-opioid receptor binding activity than tramadol [8,9,24].…”