Abstract:BackgroundThe effects of tongue cleaning on reconstruction of bacterial flora in dental plaque and tongue coating itself are obscure. We assessed changes in the amounts of total bacteria as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum in tongue coating and dental plaque specimens obtained with and without tongue cleaning.MethodsWe conducted a randomized examiner-blind crossover study using 30 volunteers (average 23.7 ± 3.2 years old) without periodontitis. After dividing randomly into 2 groups, 1 group was instructed to cl… Show more
“…Patients who participated in the study were thoroughly instructed how to properly clean and store dentures, and were monitored by professionals. Several studies have found that the dorsum of the tongue can act as a reservoir of harmful pathogens and a source of infection, but cleaning of the tongue alone, while reducing the amount of bacteria in the tongue coating, does not contribute to the inhibition of dental plaque formation . To improve oral hygiene and reduce the presence of periodontal pathogens, immersion in alkaline peroxide and ultrasonic vibration can be used as auxiliary agents for cleaning complete dentures …”
The results of the present study suggested that wearing complete dentures caused a considerable increase of periodontopathic bacteria prevalence in elderly patients. Better understanding of oral microflora and the impact dental treatment has on bacterial colonies is important in modern dentistry.
“…Patients who participated in the study were thoroughly instructed how to properly clean and store dentures, and were monitored by professionals. Several studies have found that the dorsum of the tongue can act as a reservoir of harmful pathogens and a source of infection, but cleaning of the tongue alone, while reducing the amount of bacteria in the tongue coating, does not contribute to the inhibition of dental plaque formation . To improve oral hygiene and reduce the presence of periodontal pathogens, immersion in alkaline peroxide and ultrasonic vibration can be used as auxiliary agents for cleaning complete dentures …”
The results of the present study suggested that wearing complete dentures caused a considerable increase of periodontopathic bacteria prevalence in elderly patients. Better understanding of oral microflora and the impact dental treatment has on bacterial colonies is important in modern dentistry.
“…The tongue coating score was significantly improved at 4 and 8 weeks in both groups. The tongue coating comprises oral microorganisms, and pathogenic bacteria reside beneath the epithelium and salivary components . It is removed in part by abrasion and autopurification of the tongue surface by food.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The tongue coating comprises oral microorganisms, and pathogenic bacteria reside beneath the epithelium and salivary components. 30…”
Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase-containing tablet ingestion showed antibacterial effects on periodontal bacteria present in the tongue coating and supragingival plaque, indicating that long-term ingestion could improve the oral hygiene of older individuals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 714-721.
“…Bordas et al () found that mechanical tongue cleaning for 3 days with or without chemical intervention significantly reduced the number of bacteria on the tongue and in the tongue coating. Matsui et al () reported that the number of total bacteria on the tongue was significantly lower than the baseline after 3 days of tongue cleaning, while the level of tongue coating returned to the baseline. On the other hand, the trial conducted by Quirynen et al () showed that 2 weeks of tongue cleaning reduced the numbers of bacteria on the tongue, but without reaching statistical significance, while the amount of tongue coating was significantly reduced.…”
Section: Inhibition Of Oral Malodormentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Tongue cleaning combined with periodontal treatment improves oral malodor in patients with periodontitis, whereas tongue cleaning is more effective at reducing oral malodor than periodontal treatment in patients with gingivitis (Pham et al, ). Tongue cleaning reduces bacterial numbers (Bordas et al, ; Matsui et al, ) and substrates for putrefaction (Bordas et al, ; Quirynen et al, ), but the effects are transient. Bordas et al () found that mechanical tongue cleaning for 3 days with or without chemical intervention significantly reduced the number of bacteria on the tongue and in the tongue coating.…”
Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) are the main components of oral malodor, and are produced as the end products of the proteolytic processes of oral microorganisms. The main pathway of proteolysis is the metabolism of sulfur‐containing amino acids by gram‐negative anaerobic bacteria. Gram‐positive bacteria may promote VSC production by gram‐negative anaerobes by cleaving sugar chains from glycoproteins and thus providing proteins. A large variety of bacteria within the oral microbiota are thought to be involved in the complex phenomenon of halitosis. Oral microbiota associated with a lack of oral malodor, oral microbiota associated with severe and H2S‐dominant oral malodor, and oral microbiota associated with severe and CH3SH‐dominant oral malodor have been distinguished through molecular approaches using the 16S rRNA gene. Pathological halitosis may primarily be addressed through treatment of causative diseases. In all cases, plaque control is the basis of oral malodor control, and dentifrices, mouthwashes, and functional foods play a supplementary role in addition to brushing. Recently, the use of natural ingredients in products tends to be favored due to the increase in antibiotic‐resistant strains and the side effects of some chemical ingredients. In addition, probiotics and vaccines are expected to offer new strategies for improving the oral conditions through mechanisms other than antibacterial agents.
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