Effects of time-of-day on neuromuscular function in untrained men: Specific responses of high morning performers and high evening performers

Küüsmaa, Maria; Sedliak, Milan; Häkkinen, Keijo

doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1065269

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Assuming a standard sleep-wake cycle, muscle strength is lowest in the morning (~0600) and greatest in the afternoon and early evening (1600 -1800). This has been observed with isometric strength of the elbow flexors (142)(143)(144) and ankle plantarflexors (69), isometric and isokinetic strength of the knee extensors (11,23,67,116,147,160,196,230,292,293,363,377,441), isoinertial strength of the lower limbs (77), tests of hand and finger strength (116,152,172,264,270,377), and the isometric midthigh pull (83,396). The increase in strength in the afternoon and early evening is usually 4 -10%, and it coincides with an increase in core body temperature (11,67,116,143,147,160,363,396).…”

Section: Administrative Strategies and The Test Environmentmentioning

confidence: 78%

CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation

Nuzzo

Taylor

Gandevia

2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system’s ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.

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Section: Administrative Strategies and The Test Environmentmentioning

confidence: 78%

CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation

Nuzzo

Taylor

Gandevia

2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Thus, our findings have implications for athletic communities in terms of practice/workout schedules to enhance athletic potential—in particular, a ‘one time fits all’ schedule might not optimize performance for all athletes. Coaches and trainers may want to adopt diverse or flexible schedules, and it should be noted that the optimal scheduling times might differ for strength versus speed versus endurance training [21622]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Effects on Performance and Effort in Collegiate Swimmers

Anderson¹,

Murray²,

Herlihy³

et al. 2018

Journal of Circadian Rhythms

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Although individual athletic performance generally tends to peak in the evening, individuals who exhibit a strong diurnal preference perform better closer to their circadian peak. Time-of-day performance effects are influenced by circadian phenotype (diurnal preference and chronotype—sleep-wake patterns), homeostatic energy reserves and, potentially, genotype, yet little is known about how these factors influence physiological effort. Here, we investigate the effects of time of day, diurnal preference, chronotype, and PER3 (a circadian clock gene) genotype on both effort and performance in a population of Division I collegiate swimmers (n = 27). Participants competed in 200m time trials at 7:00 and 19:00 and were sampled pre- and post-trial for salivary α-amylase levels (as a measure of physiological effort), allowing for per-individual measures of performance and physiological effort. Hair samples were collected for genotype analysis (a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PER3). Our results indicate significant and parallel time-of-day by circadian phenotype effects on swim performance and effort; evening-type swimmers swam on average 6% slower with 50% greater α-amylase levels in the morning than they did in the evening, and morning types required 5–7 times more effort in the evening trial to achieve the same performance result as the morning trial. In addition, our results suggest that these performance effects may be influenced by gene (circadian clock gene PER3 variants) by environment (time of day) interactions. Participants homozygous for the PER34,4 length variant (rs57875989) or who possess a single G-allele at PER3 SNP rs228697 swam 3–6% slower in the morning. Overall, these results suggest that intra-individual variation in athletic performance and effort with time of day is associated with circadian phenotype and PER3 genotype.

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“…Maximal neuromuscular performance has been shown to fluctuate with time-of-day, with 5-15 % higher strength values observed in the evening [8,13,24,36,46] compared to the morning. However, in the case of endurance performance, the effect of diurnal rhythms seems to dissipate [11,15,17], although some studies have demonstrated that tolerance of high-intensity endurance exercise (e. g., performed as cycling) is higher in the evening [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Combined Strength and Endurance Training: Order and Time-of-Day

et al. 2017

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The present study examined the effects of 24 weeks of morning vs. evening same-session combined strength (S) and endurance (E) training on neuromuscular and endurance performance. Fifty-one men were assigned to the morning (m) or evening (e) training group, where S preceded E or vice versa (SE, ES, SE and ES), or to the control group. Isometric force, voluntary activation, EMG and peak wattage during the maximal cycling test were measured. Training time did not significantly affect the adaptations. Therefore, data are presented for SE (SE+SE) and ES (ES+ES). In the morning, no order specific gains were observed in neuromuscular performance. In the evening, the changes in isometric force (SE 15.9±16.7%, p=0.001; ES 4.1±12.2%, p=0.615) and EMG (SE 38.3±31.7%, p=0.001; ES 14.67±36.44%, p=0.486) were larger (p=0.014) in SE than in ES and in voluntary activation larger (p=0.026) in SE compared to controls. Peak wattage increased in the morning (SE 15.9±9.2%, ES 22.0±7.0%; p<0.001) and evening (SE 16.3±7.2%, ES 21.0±9.0%; p<0.001) but were larger (p<0.05) in ES. The current training program led to greater neuromuscular adaptations when SE-training was performed in the evening, whereas the ES-training provided more optimal conditions for endurance performance adaptations both in the morning and evening.

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Effects of time-of-day on neuromuscular function in untrained men: Specific responses of high morning performers and high evening performers

Abstract: , K. (2015). Effects of time-of-day on neuromuscular function in untrained men: Specific responses of high morning performers and high evening performers.

Cited by 16 publications

References 42 publications

CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation

CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation

Circadian Effects on Performance and Effort in Collegiate Swimmers

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Combined Strength and Endurance Training: Order and Time-of-Day

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