The present study examined the effects of 24 weeks of morning vs. evening same-session combined strength (S) and endurance (E) training on neuromuscular and endurance performance. Fifty-one men were assigned to the morning (m) or evening (e) training group, where S preceded E or vice versa (SE, ES, SE and ES), or to the control group. Isometric force, voluntary activation, EMG and peak wattage during the maximal cycling test were measured. Training time did not significantly affect the adaptations. Therefore, data are presented for SE (SE+SE) and ES (ES+ES). In the morning, no order specific gains were observed in neuromuscular performance. In the evening, the changes in isometric force (SE 15.9±16.7%, p=0.001; ES 4.1±12.2%, p=0.615) and EMG (SE 38.3±31.7%, p=0.001; ES 14.67±36.44%, p=0.486) were larger (p=0.014) in SE than in ES and in voluntary activation larger (p=0.026) in SE compared to controls. Peak wattage increased in the morning (SE 15.9±9.2%, ES 22.0±7.0%; p<0.001) and evening (SE 16.3±7.2%, ES 21.0±9.0%; p<0.001) but were larger (p<0.05) in ES. The current training program led to greater neuromuscular adaptations when SE-training was performed in the evening, whereas the ES-training provided more optimal conditions for endurance performance adaptations both in the morning and evening.

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Introduction: Arising evidence suggests that resistance training has the potential to induce beneficial modulation of biomarker profile. To date, however, only immediate responses to resistance training have been investigated using high-throughput metabolomics whereas the effects of chronic resistance training on biomarker profile have not been studied in detail. Methods: A total of 86 recreationally active healthy men without previous systematic resistance training background were allocated into i) a resistance training (RT) group (n=68, age 33 ± 7 years, body mass index (BMI) 28 ± 3 kg/m 2) and ii) a non-RT group (n=18, age 31 ± 4 years, BMI 27 ± 3 kg/m 2). Blood samples were collected at baseline (PRE), after 4 weeks (POST-4wk), and after 16 weeks of resistance training intervention (POST-16wk), as well as baseline and after the non-RT period (20-24 weeks). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-metabolome platform was used to determine metabolomic responses to chronic resistance training. Results: Overall, the resistance training intervention resulted in favorable alterations (P < 0.05) in body composition with increased levels of lean mass (~2.8 %), decreased levels of android (~9.6 %), and total fat mass (~7.5 %). These changes in body composition were accompanied by anti-atherogenic alterations in serum metabolome profile (FDR < 0.05) as reductions in non-HDL cholesterol (e.g., free cholesterol, remnant cholesterol, IDL cholesterols, LDL cholesterols) and related apolipoprotein B, and increments in conjugated linoleic fatty acids levels were observed. Individuals with the poorest baseline status (i.e. body composition, metabolome profile) benefitted the most from the resistance training intervention.