Effects of the Trade and Financial Governmental Policies on the Total Investment in Syria (1980-2010)

Abstract

This paper attempts to investigate the effects of several financial and trade policies on the total investment in Syria, over the period 1980-2010 (before the current war). The study employs Johansen co-integration test to check the presence of long-term relationship between explanatory and dependent variables. In addition, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) further studies the causal relationship from dependent variable to independent variables.The Johansen co-integration test indicates a significant long-term relationship among the variables. Moreover, the Vector Error Correction Model also suggests the long run causality from the imports, exports, capital public expenditures, and subsidies to total investment. The study's result indicates that the imports and the capital public expenditures played a significant role in supporting the total investment in the country before the war, while there was a negative role of exports in the total investment, and there was no impact of subsidies on the total investment.Before the war, foreign investment in Syria was over dominated by European Union. The paper proposes to diversify the target of investment flow to Syria, especially from China and the other BRICS countries that can take advantages from Syria and can support Syria economy after the war by the strategy of "One Road One Belt". These results may assist Syrian policy makers, after the war, to develop an economic plan that takes into account the effects of these policies to improve the total investment which will help Syria in rebuilding the economy.

Overtime Work Determinants of Men and Women in Slovakia

“…For example de Meester, Mulder and Fortuijn (2007) have found a negative impact of the wage rate on hours worked for men in the Netherlands, which suggests that the income effect outweighs a possible substitution effect. Bhattarai (2017) has come to the opposite result. His estimation indicates that the substitution effect of an increase in the wage rate dominates the income effect.…”