Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of the Tibetan High near the tropopause and the North Pacific High in the troposphere on occurrences of hot or cool summers in Japan. We first classified Japan into six regions and identified hot and cool summer years in these regions from a 38-year sample (1980–2017) based on the monthly air temperature. To investigate the features of circulation fields over Asia during hot and cool summers in Japan, we calculated the composite differences (hot summer years minus cool summer years) of several variables such as geopotential height, which indicated significant high-pressure anomalies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. These results suggest that both the North Pacific and the Tibetan Highs tend to extend to Japan during hot summer years, while cool summers seem to be associated with the weakening of these highs. We found that extension of the Tibetan High to the Japanese mainland can lead to hot summers in Northern, Eastern, and Western Japan. On the other hand, hot summers in the Southwestern Islands may be due to extension of the Tibetan High to the south. Similarly, the latitudinal direction of extension of the North Pacific High is profoundly connected with the summer climate in respective regions.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Phototrophic Dinoflagellate Biecheleriopsis adriatica Grown Under Optimal Temperature and Cold and Heat Stress

“…Dinoflagellates experience both cold winter and hot summer in temperate regions (Selina et al, 2014;Kang et al, 2019b;Jang and Jeong, 2020). In temperate regions such as Korea, Japan, and China, sea waters become cold due to cold waves caused by the weakness of the stratospheric polar vortex by Arctic seaice loss or hot due to heat waves caused by the heat domes due to strengthening of the power of the North Pacific and Tibetan high pressures (Kim et al, 2014;Han and Lee, 2020;Lee et al, 2020;Inoue et al, 2021). Therefore, differences in growth and differential gene expression among very cold or hot and optimal temperatures should be understood to explore the survival of dinoflagellates in terms of eco-physiology and gene expression with respect to molecular biology.…”

Table_1.xlsx

“…Dinoflagellates experience both cold winter and hot summer in temperate regions (Selina et al, 2014;Kang et al, 2019b;Jang and Jeong, 2020). In temperate regions such as Korea, Japan, and China, sea waters become cold due to cold waves caused by the weakness of the stratospheric polar vortex by Arctic seaice loss or hot due to heat waves caused by the heat domes due to strengthening of the power of the North Pacific and Tibetan high pressures (Kim et al, 2014;Han and Lee, 2020;Lee et al, 2020;Inoue et al, 2021). Therefore, differences in growth and differential gene expression among very cold or hot and optimal temperatures should be understood to explore the survival of dinoflagellates in terms of eco-physiology and gene expression with respect to molecular biology.…”