“…Over the past several years, a three-dimensional quantum-confined structure, quantum dot (QD), has attracted considerable interest from both fundamental physics and potential device applications [1][2][3][4][5][6]. For example, a QD laser diode is expected to have high thermal stability, a low threshold current density, and a high gain due to the unique properties of QDs, atomic-like electronic states, and a delta-function-like density of states.…”