Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin on membrane fluidity

Nonvolatile insect repelling agent prepared by grafting of permethrin on polybutadiene

“…As mentioned above, permethrin alters the normal function of insect nerves by modifying the kinetics of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. 4 However, permethrin in this study is not volatile because it is bound to polymer backbone by covalent bonds. Therefore, 52.5% of recovery from knockdown can be attributed to the disturbance on epidermal nervous network by nonvolatile permethrin on Permethrin@PB coated polyester net.…”

“…3 Pyrethroids are known to alter the normal function of insect nerves by modifying the kinetics of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, which mediate the transient increase in the sodium permeability of the nerve membrane that underlies the nerve action potential. 3,4 Nowadays, however, pyrethroids are suspected to have harmful effects on human and environment. 5 In this study, in order to decrease the volatility and resulting toxicity of pyrethroid, we introduced permethrin to polybutadiene (PB) by radical addition reaction to form permethrin grafted PB (Permethrin@PB).…”

“…3 Pyrethroids are a group of hydrophobic esters with structures based on the natural pyrethrins found in the flowers of the Chrysanthemum species and are one of the most commercially important classes of insecticides. 4 Phyrethroids have been subdivided into two classes based on their structural differences and toxicological and neurophysiological actions. Structurally, type I pyrethroids (allethrin and permethrin) do not contain a cyano substituent, whereas type II pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate) contain the cyano group.…”

Nuclear magnetic resonance and thermal studies on the interaction between salicylic acid and model membranes

“…The lipid acyl chain melting (CM) transition of model membrane and the associated changes in the membrane properties, are strongly dependent on factors such as the acyl chain length [1,2], the nature of the lipid headgroup [3,4], the presence of small molecules [5,6] and the pH of the solvent [7,8]. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are two out of the many important experimental techniques used in model membrane studies.…”

Immunotoxicity of pyrethroid metabolites in an in vitro model

“…The action sites of SPs were thought to be related to integral proteins and phospholipids in the lipid bilayer owing to their high hydrophobicity [36]. The phenoxybenzyl alcohol moiety that would further produce the common metabolites may determine the preferential location in the hydrophobic core of biological membrane [37]. This suggests that the metabolites may be easier to move into the blood and lymph than the parent compounds, and subsequently alter the downstream signal transduction cascade after extracellular cytokine interactions, which ultimately induce higher immunotoxicity [11].…”