Effects of the processing parameters in the synthesis of BaTiO3 nanoparticle by using the co-precipitation method

Abstract

In this study, BaTiO3 powder was synthesized by using the co-precipitation of BaCl2 and TiOCl2 in a highly-alkaline solution at ambient pressure and a heating temperature lower than 100 • C. Control of both the pH of the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and the concentrations of the starting raw materials was studied to evaluate their effects on the grain size and the homogeneity of the powder. Under the condition of a solution pH of 14 and a reaction temperature of 80 • C, an average particle size of 80 nm was estimated. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that with high-energy ball milling in a bead mill, the uniformity and the dispersion of BaTiO3 particles could be enhanced.

Liquid‐phase preparation of BaTiO3nanoparticles

“…He et al [26] used BaCl 2 and TiOCl 2 as raw materials in a highly alkaline solution, coprecipitated and synthesised BT nanoparticles at a heating temperature <100°C. The concentration of starting materials was used to evaluate the effect on particle size and uniformity of BT nanoparticles.…”

Synergism of Freeze-Drying and CAI to Obtain Narrowly Dispersed BaTiO3 Nanoparticles: A Step towards Commercialization

“…Wet chemical approaches such as the hydro-thermal (HT), sol–gel, and co-precipitation (CP) are generally used to synthesize BTO NPs. − In the wet chemical method, the crystal phase, particle size, and size distribution are strongly influenced by the reaction temperature, Ba/Ti ratio, ionic concentration, pH value, and drying conditions. − The CP method is one of the most promising procedures employed for large-scale production because of low equipment utilization, mild conditions, low cost, and tunable reaction conditions. Progress has been made in obtaining BTO NPs with size below 200 nm by the CP method. , However, it is currently challenging for the CP method to further scale down the size below 100 nm. Nano-scale synthesis is generally followed by obvious aggregation, which limits the quality of the slurry in the fabrication process of the multilayer chip.…”

“…Progress has been made in obtaining BTO NPs with size below 200 nm by the CP method. 12,21 However, it is currently challenging for the CP method to further scale down the size below 100 nm. Nano-scale synthesis is generally followed by obvious aggregation, which limits the quality of the slurry in the fabrication process of the multilayer chip.…”

“…Endeavors have been paid to synthesize narrowly dispersed BTO NPs with high-purity, controllable particle size, and uniform size distribution. ,− Generally, the morphology, particle size, poly-morphism, and phase compositions directly rely upon the synthetic route . Wet chemical approaches such as the hydro-thermal (HT), sol–gel, and co-precipitation (CP) are generally used to synthesize BTO NPs. − In the wet chemical method, the crystal phase, particle size, and size distribution are strongly influenced by the reaction temperature, Ba/Ti ratio, ionic concentration, pH value, and drying conditions. − The CP method is one of the most promising procedures employed for large-scale production because of low equipment utilization, mild conditions, low cost, and tunable reaction conditions. Progress has been made in obtaining BTO NPs with size below 200 nm by the CP method. , However, it is currently challenging for the CP method to further scale down the size below 100 nm.…”