Effects of the orthographic neighborhood in visual word recognition: Cross-task comparisons.

Carreiras, Manuel; Perea, Manuel; Grainger, Jonathan

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.857

Cited by 218 publications

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“…This study manipulated the orthographic neighborhood size of the word and nonword stimuli, i.e., the number of words that are orthographically similar to (differing by one letter from) the stimulus (Coltheart et al, 1977). Increasing the neighborhood size of a stimulus affects performance on speeded visual recognition tasks (Andrews, 1989;Carreiras et al, 1997;Coltheart et al, 1977;Forster and Shen, 1996;Grainger and Jacobs, 1996;Huntsman and Lima, 1996;Sears et al, 1995), and many theorists have proposed that these effects represent partial activation of the word units in the lexicon that represent the neighbors of the stimulus. That is, reading the word TAIL will cause partial activation of the word nodes for BAIL, FAIL, MAIL, NAIL, PAIL, RAIL, SAIL, TOIL, and TALL.…”

Section: Lexicon or Semantics?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

et al. 2005

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The pronunciation of irregular words in deep orthographies like English cannot be specified by simple rules. On the other hand, the fact that novel letter strings can be pronounced seems to imply the existence of such rules. These facts motivate dual-route models of word naming, which postulate separate lexical (whole-word) and non-lexical (rulebased) mechanisms for accessing phonology. We used fMRI during oral naming of irregular words, regular words, and nonwords, to test this theory against a competing single-mechanism account known as the triangle model, which proposes that all words are handled by a single system containing distributed orthographic, phonological, and semantic codes rather than word codes. Two versions of the dual-route model were distinguished: an dexclusiveT version in which activation of one processing route predominates over the other, and a dparallelT version in which both routes are equally activated by all words. The fMRI results provide no support for the exclusive dual-route model. Several frontal, insular, anterior cingulate, and parietal regions showed responses that increased with naming difficulty (nonword > irregular word > regular word) and were correlated with response time, but there was no activation consistent with the predicted response of a nonlexical, rule-based mechanism (i.e., nonword > regular word > irregular word). Several regions, including the angular gyrus and dorsal prefrontal cortex bilaterally, left ventromedial temporal lobe, and posterior cingulate gyrus, were activated more by words than nonwords, but these dlexical routeT regions were equally active for irregular and regular words. The results are compatible with both the parallel dual-route model and the triangle model. dLexical routeT regions also showed effects of word imageability. Together with previous imaging studies using semantic task contrasts, the imageability effects are consistent with semantic processing in these brain regions, suggesting that word naming is partly semantically-mediated. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Word naming; Dual-route model; Triangle model IntroductionThe correspondence between spoken and written forms of a language is not always systematic. While in some alphabetic orthographies the sound of a word can be worked out using rules of pronunciation, in most, there are varying degrees of irregularity in the mapping between print and sound. In English, for example, Bernard Shaw pointed out that the word ''fish'' could be written ghoti if one were mischievous enough to borrow the spelling for /f/ from rough, the spelling of /I/ from women, and the spelling of /sh/ from nation. Words like colonel and yacht are only some of the more extreme examples of such irregularity of pronunciation, which is pervasive in English and is seen in many of its more common words, including some, many, of, the, and word just used in this sentence.While the pronunciation of these dirregularT words would seem to be learned through rote memorization of the whole word, there is...

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Section: Lexicon or Semantics?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

et al. 2005

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“…One of the most prominent variables is neighborhood density, i.e., the number of orthographic neighbors, which can be generated by changing one letter of a given word, often referred to as the N-metric (Coltheart et al, 1977). When participants make a lexical decision, a standard finding is that responses to words of large neighborhoods (so called high-N words) are faster than to words having small neighborhoods (Andrews, 1989(Andrews, , 1992(Andrews, , 1997Carreiras et al, 1997;Forster and Shen, 1996;Grainger and Jacobs, 1996;Sears et al, 1995). On the other hand, reaction times to nonwords are slower when these stimuli have many word neighbors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-generated lexical activity predicts graded ERP amplitudes in lexical decision

et al. 2006

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. These studies relate the orthographic neighborhood density of letter strings to the amount of global lexical activity in the brain, generated by a hypothetical mental lexicon as speculated in an early paper by [Jacobs, A.M. and Carr, T.H. (1995). Mind mappers and cognitive modelers: Toward crossfertilization, Behav. Brain. Sci. 18 362-363]. The present study uses model-generated stimuli theoretically eliciting graded global lexical activity and relates this activity to activation of lexical processing networks using event-related potentials (ERPs). The results from a lexical decision task provide evidence for an effect of lexicality around 350 ms post-stimulus and also a graded effect of global lexical activity for nonwords around 500 ms post-stimulus. The data are interpreted as reflecting two different decision processes: an identification process based on local lexical activity underlying the 'yes' response to words and a temporal deadline process underlying the 'no' response to nonwords based on global lexical activity. IntroductionStudies of visual word recognition focusing on lexical access employ a number of variables assumed to influence this process (e.g., word frequency or neighborhood density) in a number of tasks (e.g., lexical or semantic decision, naming, or perceptual identification). One of the most prominent variables is neighborhood density, i.e., the number of orthographic neighbors, which can be generated by changing one letter of a given word, often referred to as the N-metric (Coltheart et al., 1977). When participants make a lexical decision, a standard finding is that responses to words of large neighborhoods (so called high-N words) are faster than to words having small neighborhoods (Andrews, 1989(Andrews, , 1992(Andrews, , 1997; Carreiras et al.,

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“…Diversos estudos sobre o efeito de vizinhança ortográfica têm sido realizados visando estabelecer a direção desse efeito, porém os resultados ainda não são conclusivos, parecendo variar, em certa medida, de acordo com o tipo de tarefa e língua em que os estudos foram realizados (p.ex. : Andrews, 1989;Arduino & Burani, 2004;Carreiras, Perea, & Grainger, 1997;Grainger & Jacobs, 1996;Grainger et al, 1989;Huntsman & Lima, 1996Justi & Pinheiro, 2006Mathey & Zagar, 2006;Perea, Carreiras, & Grainger, 2004;Perea & Pollatsek, 1998;Pollatsek, Perea, & Binder, 1999;Sears, Campbell, & Lupker, 2006;Siakaluk, Sears, & Lupker, 2002).…”

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“…Em um estudo com universitários falantes do espanhol, Carreiras et al (1997) utilizaram a mesma metodologia empregada por Grainger e Segui (1990) em sua tarefa de identificação perceptual. As palavras-estímulo empregadas por Carreiras et al (1997) eram palavras de baixa frequência de ocorrência e atendiam a uma manipulação fatorial de N (palavras com poucos vizinhos ortográficos e palavras com muitos vizinhos ortográficos) e NF (palavras sem vizinhos ortográficos de maior frequência e palavras com, pelo menos, um vizinho ortográfico de maior frequência), enquanto a frequência das sílabas, o som inicial e o número de letras das palavras foram controlados.…”

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“…As palavras-estímulo empregadas por Carreiras et al (1997) eram palavras de baixa frequência de ocorrência e atendiam a uma manipulação fatorial de N (palavras com poucos vizinhos ortográficos e palavras com muitos vizinhos ortográficos) e NF (palavras sem vizinhos ortográficos de maior frequência e palavras com, pelo menos, um vizinho ortográfico de maior frequência), enquanto a frequência das sílabas, o som inicial e o número de letras das palavras foram controlados. Os pesquisadores encontraram um efeito inibidor estatisticamente significante de NF e um efeito nulo de N.…”

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Efeitos de vizinhança ortográfica no português brasileiro: um estudo com a tarefa de identificação perceptual

Justi¹,

Roazzi²

2012

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoEsse estudo investigou os efeitos do número de vizinhos ortográficos (N) e do número de vizinhos ortográficos de maior frequência de ocorrência (NF) na tarefa de identificação perceptual. Trinta e dois estudantes de psicologia falantes do português brasileiro participaram do estudo. Os estímulos experimentais consistiram em 64 palavras que atenderam a uma manipulação fatorial 2 x 2 de N e NF. Os participantes apresentaram uma maior porcentagem de erros nas palavras com vizinhos ortográficos de maior frequência e uma menor porcentagem de erros nas palavras com muitos vizinhos ortográficos. Argumentou-se que esses resultados refletem o efeito dessas variáveis no processo de acesso lexical e que os modelos de Dupla Rota e PPD têm dificuldades em acomodá-los. Palavras-chave: Vizinhança ortográfica, tarefa de identificação perceptual, reconhecimento visual de palavras, leitura. AbstractThis study investigated the effects of Neighborhood Density (ND) and Neighborhood Frequency (NF) on visual word recognition in 32 Brazilian Portuguese speakers. Participants were given a standard perceptual identification task in which they had a 3-second time-limit for saying aloud what the target word was. Experimental stimuli consisted of 64 words according to an ND (2) x NF (2) factorial design. Higher percentages of errors were made for words with a higher frequency neighbor and lower percentages of errors were made for words with a high neighborhood density. It is argued that the results were due to ND and NF effects on lexical access and that they pose difficulties for Dual Route and PDP models of visual word recognition.

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Effects of the orthographic neighborhood in visual word recognition: Cross-task comparisons.

Cited by 218 publications

References 51 publications

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming

Model-generated lexical activity predicts graded ERP amplitudes in lexical decision

Efeitos de vizinhança ortográfica no português brasileiro: um estudo com a tarefa de identificação perceptual

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