Effects of the Oral Examination on the Equine Temporomandibular Joint

Equine Models of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Review of Feasibility, Biomarkers, and Molecular Signaling

“…Most equine TMJ research focuses on joint morphology and function [ 10 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 57 , 58 ] and imaging modalities [ 6 , 7 , 41 , 61 , 62 ], as well as practical implications and treatment [ 34 , 36 , 37 , 59 , 63 ]. Only a few key biomarkers of equine TMJ OA [ 5 , 9 , 25 , 137 ] have been investigated and they are summarized in Table 3 . While these studies effectively address the clinical needs of equine medicine, the similarity to the underlying molecular components of human TMJ OA is still poorly understood.…”

“…Pereira et al [ 137 ] explored a load-induced OA model to mimic the TMJ stresses typical of routine equine dental care. Considering that overload may initiate degenerative changes in the TMJ [ 15 , 76 ], the authors hypothesized that the application of a full-mouth speculum for 60 min may lead to clinical symptoms of TMJ OA.…”

“…This observation is beneficial for horse owners and practitioners, ensuring the safety and lack of PGE 2 -mediated pain during dental care procedures. The authors concluded that the used load does not indicate the occurrence of turnover changes in articular cartilage; however, they suggested the need for monitoring each horse subjected to prolonged full-mouth speculum placement [ 137 ]. We can support this suggestion by using overload biomarkers, including HMGB2, HIF-1, VEGF, MMPs, and TIMP-1 [ 82 , 93 , 94 , 95 ], which may make it feasible to expand further research on the safety of routine and interventional equine dental care.…”

Odontologia Equina - Aspectos Importantes

“…Em cavalos, os problemas dentários permanecem entre as razões mais comuns para procurar serviço veterinário, e assim, os procedimentos odontológicos aparecem na lista de tarefas mais comuns realizadas por profissionais dos equinos. Interesse e conhecimento em odontologia equina têm aumentado com o reconhecimento da importância da saúde oral do equino, juntamente com as expectativas do cliente e percepções da solidez oral no desempenho atlético de seu animal (PEREIRA et al, 2016).…”

Unusual pathogen in an unusual joint: Implications on antimicrobial resistance

“…Among the reported diseases affecting TMJ, namely fractures, luxations or, lately, degenerative osteoarthritis (Hardy and Shiroma 1991;Devine et al 2005;Sanders et al 2014;Jorgensen et al 2015), septic arthritis is the most pathological situation recorded in equine TMJ literature, generally as a result of a traumatic injury with or without wound presentation (Warmerdam et al 1997;Carmalt and Wilson 2005;Devine et al 2005;Nagy and Simhofer 2006;Barnett et al 2014;Frietman et al 2018;Balducci et al 2021). Despite that, TMJ disorders are not frequently diagnosed in horses mainly due to the unspecific and subtle clinical signs generally exhibited that may be misleading (May et al 2001;Barnett et al 2014;Carmalt 2014;Sanders et al 2014;Pereira et al 2016). A number of anatomical and physiological reasons have been considered in order to explain such lower prevalence in diagnosing TMJ pathologies.…”