Effects of the Loss of One Hundred Hours of Sleep

Edwards, Adele

doi:10.2307/1417794

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Perceptual distortions and hallucinations were reliably elicited by a majority of participants in all studies except one (20/21 studies, 95%). In larger samples (where percentages are more meaningful), percentages of positive responses ranged between 11% [( 32 ), N = 350], 43% [( 25 ), N = 32], 46% [( 30 ), N = 26], 60% [( 18 ), N = 10] and 100% [( 33 ), N = 20; ( 34 ), N = 27]. The only study which failed to register any changes in perception involved medical interns who were allowed a brief sleep period of 4 h ( 31 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Auditory distortions, described in all of these seven studies (Appendix C in Supplementary Material) were brief in duration, and included the mislocation of externally generated sounds, as well as changes in the quality of voices and other sounds ( 37 ). Participants also experienced hearing voices in the midst of other environmental sounds (“functional hallucinations”) ( 35 ), verbal auditory hallucinations of a simple type without affective content [e.g., a voice calling the participant's name in ( 34 )], and nonverbal auditory hallucinations (e.g., dogs barking).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mood changes (16 studies, 76%), which included aggression, anger, hostility, apathy, anxiety, and depression ( 9 , 23 , 26 , 28 – 31 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 40 – 44 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

et al. 2018

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Background: Going without sleep for long periods of time can produce a range of experiences, including perceptual distortions and hallucinations. Many questions, however, remain unanswered regarding the types of symptoms which are most reliably elicited, the time of symptom onset, and whether symptoms worsen over time toward psychotic decompensation. Since sleep deprivation exceeding 48 h is considered unethical today, an examination of historical studies with extreme sleep-loss duration is needed to obtain information about what happens during prolonged sleep loss.Methods: A systematic-review approach was used to identify experimental and observational studies of sleep deprivation in healthy people which describe the effects of prolonged sleep loss on psychopathological symptoms, without any date restriction.Results: A total of 476 articles were identified. Of these, 21 were eligible for inclusion. Duration of sleep loss ranged between 24 h and 11 nights (total 760 participants; average 72–92 h without sleep). All studies except one reported perceptual changes, including visual distortions (i.e., metamorphopsias), illusions, somatosensory changes and, in some cases, frank hallucinations. The visual modality was the most consistently affected (in 90% of the studies), followed by the somatosensory (52%) and auditory (33%) modalities. Symptoms rapidly developed after one night without sleep, progressing in an almost fixed time-dependent way. Perceptual distortions, anxiety, irritability, depersonalization, and temporal disorientation started within 24–48 h of sleep loss, followed by complex hallucinations and disordered thinking after 48–90 h, and delusions after 72 h, after which time the clinical picture resembled that of acute psychosis or toxic delirium. By the third day without sleep, hallucinations in all three sensory modalities were reported. A period of normal sleep served to resolve psychotic symptoms in many—although not all—cases.Conclusions: Psychotic symptoms develop with increasing time awake, from simple visual/somatosensory misperceptions to hallucinations and delusions, ending in a condition resembling acute psychosis. These experiences are likely to resolve after a period of sleep, although more information is required to identify factors which can contribute to the prevention of persistent symptoms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

et al. 2018

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“…An important problem for the investigator of memory deficit is to specify which of these functions is impaired by a given experimental treatment. For example, memory deficit found with sleep deprivation (Patrick & Gilbert, 1896; Weiskotten & Ferguson, 1930;Edwards, 1941) could result from impairment of any or all of the functions mentioned by Weiner.Gieseking, Williams, and Lubin (1957) found that sleep deprivation caused progressive deficit in retention of general information items. Immediate recall scores deteriorated significantly after one night of sleep loss, with increasing decrement as sleep loss increased.…”

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confidence: 99%

Some Effects of Sleep Loss on Memory

Williams

Gieseking

Lubin³

1966

Percept Mot Skills

103

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Immediate recall of word lists showed significant impairment after one night of sleep loss. Since S was required to write down each word immediately after its presentation, the deficit was not due to failure of sensory registration. With 24-hr, delayed testing, a picmre-recognition test did not show significant deficit after one night of sleep loss. Performance on this test was impaired, however, after a night of recovery sleep. These results imply that moderate sleep loss causes deficit in formation of the memory trace rather than in storage or retrieval functions and that this effect is probably independent of the physiological lapses (brief periods of sleep) which affect vigilance and sensory registration.As Weiner ( 1966) pointed out, most theorists see memory as consisting of a sequence of processes such as sensory registration, memory-trace formation, trace storage and retrieval. An important problem for the investigator of memory deficit is to specify which of these functions is impaired by a given experimental treatment. For example, memory deficit found with sleep deprivation (Patrick & Gilbert, 1896; Weiskotten & Ferguson, 1930;Edwards, 1941) could result from impairment of any or all of the functions mentioned by Weiner.Gieseking, Williams, and Lubin (1957) found that sleep deprivation caused progressive deficit in retention of general information items. Immediate recall scores deteriorated significantly after one night of sleep loss, with increasing decrement as sleep loss increased. Relative to immediate recall, delayed recall (24 hr. after initial presentation) showed no significant sleep-loss decrement up to 50 hr. of wakefulness. Williams, Lubin, and Goodnow (1959) attributed the deterioration of immediate memory to the occurrence of lapses (periods of sleep lasting 3 or 4 sec.) which were known to increase in frequency and duration as sleep loss increased. If a lapse occurred during the presentation of an information item, S might fail to register it for later recall. An adequate test of this explanation requires that sensory registration be brought under control. The experiments reported here attempted to confirm the deleterious effects of acute sleep loss on memory previously reported and to indicate which memory functions were most sensitive t o sleep loss. There are cwo experiments. The first tests whether sleep loss leads to impairment of immediate recall under con- 'We wish to thank Mrs. Elizabeth Engle, Mrs. Ometta Kearney, and Miss Betty Shanks for their assistance in test administration and statistical analysis.

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“…Three subjects, kept awake 90 hr, reportedly did not show any remarkable performance decrements until about the 72nd hour, at which V time they began falling into involuntary micro-sleep periods after which their performance wild immediately improve. Still, many early studies on sleep deprivation failed to find significant performance decline, until a minimum of 36 hr of sleep deprivation, and often a maximum [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] In 1937, Warren and Clark (208) used addition and subtraction and colornaming tests (similar to those of Bills) to measure blo:ks, latency, and accuracy during 65 hr of sleep deprivation. Blocking was found to increase greatly after a period of prolonged sleeplessness, but the usually employed measures of error scores and RT showed no relationship to sleep loss.…”

Section: Performance Decrement and Sleep Deprivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue Stressors in Simulated Long-Duration Flight. Effects on Performance, Information Processing, Subjective Fatigue, and Physiological Cost

Perelli¹

1980

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Effects of the Loss of One Hundred Hours of Sleep

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

Some Effects of Sleep Loss on Memory

Fatigue Stressors in Simulated Long-Duration Flight. Effects on Performance, Information Processing, Subjective Fatigue, and Physiological Cost

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