Effects of the intensity of auditory and visual ready signals on simple reaction time.

Kohfeld, David L.

doi:10.1037/h0028033

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The above analogy to spatial attention can be reiterated here to a similar purpose: This would be like attempting to study the effect of the information content of spatial cues while only ever employing peripheral cues that appear at the candidate target locations. Consistent with this criticism, several reports (Bertelson, 1967;Berielson & Tisseyre, 1968, 1969Posner, Klein, Summers, & Buggie, 1973;Posner et al, 1976) noted that when SOA is blocked and performance in short SOA (<1 s) blocks is compared to performance in long SOA (>1 s) blocks, a speedaccuracy trade-off (SAT) is observed: Performance in the short SOA blocks is faster but less accurate. While the original authors of these reports concluded that warning stimuli serve merely to bias the response criterion in favor of speed rather than accuracy, ' These alternative paradigms and associated phenomena will be elaborated in the General Discussion.…”

Section: Onfounds In the Measurement Of Endogenous And Exogenous Tempmentioning

confidence: 71%

Isolating exogenous and endogenous modes of temporal attention.

Lawrence¹,

Klein²

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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The differential allocation of information processing resources over time, here termed "temporal attention," may be achieved by relatively automatic "exogenous" or controlled "endogenous" mechanisms. Over 100 years of research has confounded these theoretically distinct dimensions of temporal attention. The current report seeks to ameliorate this oversight by novel application of 2 experimental methodologies. A scheme imported from the animal learning literature (Rescorla's "truly random control" procedure) was used to eliminate any temporal contingency between signals and targets. An auditory stimulus imported from the psychophysical literature (correlated vs. uncorrelated noise) was used to provide a salient signal that entailed no local or global change in intensity. Purely endogenous temporal attention (generated by a reliable signal-target contingency in the absence of a change in intensity) is characterized by robust improvements in speed and accuracy of responding. Purely exogenous temporal attention (generated by an intensity increase in the absence of contingency) is characterized by a brief period of faster responding. When exogenous temporal attention is elicited in the context of endogenous temporal attention, the decrease in response time that follows an intense signal is accompanied by a decrease in response accuracy.

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Section: Onfounds In the Measurement Of Endogenous And Exogenous Tempmentioning

confidence: 71%

Isolating exogenous and endogenous modes of temporal attention.

Lawrence¹,

Klein²

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…Already early models of simple RT include a decision stage (e.g., McGill 1961;Grice 1968;Kohfeld 1969;Murray 1970;Luce and Green 1972;Sanford 1972). As listeners may have some resistance to react, they may need to accumulate more evidence to reach the decision criterion to press the key in an unforced design than necessary for detection in a forced-choice design.…”

Section: Comparison Of Detection and Reaction Thresholds And The Amoumentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Absolute Thresholds Derived from an Adaptive Forced-Choice Procedure and from Reaction Probabilities and Reaction Times in a Simple Reaction Time Paradigm

Heil

Neubauer

Tiefenau

et al. 2006

JARO

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An understanding of the auditory system's operation requires knowledge of the mechanisms underlying thresholds. In this work we compare detection thresholds obtained with a three-interval-three-alternative forced-choice paradigm with reaction thresholds extracted from both reaction probabilities (RP) and reaction times (RT) in a simple RT paradigm from the same listeners under otherwise nearly identical experimental conditions. Detection thresholds, RP, and RT to auditory stimuli exhibited substantial variation from session to session. Most of the intersession variation in RP and RT could be accounted for by intersession variation in a listener's absolute sensitivity. The reaction thresholds extracted from RP were very similar, if not identical, to those extracted from RT. On the other hand, reaction thresholds were always higher than detection thresholds. The difference between the two thresholds can be considered as the additional amount of evidence required by each listener to react to a stimulus in an unforced design on top of that necessary for detection in the forced-choice design. This difference is inversely related to the listener's probability of producing false alarms. We found that RT, once corrected for some irreducible minimum RT, reflects the time at which a given stimulus reaches the listener's reaction threshold. This suggests that the relationships between simple RT and loudness (reported in the literature) are probably caused by a tight relationship between temporal summation at threshold and temporal summation of loudness.

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“…While this research is regarded primarily as an investigation of individual Ss, these means do no serious violence to the individual data, since the Ss were quite consistent in this respect. The figure shows the typical picture of a strong, within-S stimulus intensity effect in combination with criterion manipulation (e.g., see Kohfeld, 1969;Murray, 1970;Henriksen, 1971;and Speiss, 1973 The variability also shows the typical inverse relation to signal intensity. It also generally tends to increase as the condition medians increase, but this is a bit less consistent over Ss.…”

Section: Procedures and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stimulus intensity, catch trial effects, and the speed-accuracy tradeoff in reaction time: A variable criterion theory interptation

et al. 1974

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Ss responded to a 1,000-Hz tone of 50, BO, or 100 dB. Catch trial conditions were none! blan~~ials, a red light, a noise, and an 1,BOO-Hz tone. Auditory catch. signals were o.f the same mteJ;tsltles. RT distributions in the first three conditions were well descnbed by a family of exponential growth functions dependent upon stimulus intensity and by the parameters of normal criterion distribu~ions dependent upon catch trial conditions and between-session variability. Perform~ce in the auditory catch trial conditions was not dependent upon the same set of sensory growth functions. Performa!Ice m these conditions was described by a two-dimensional analysis of information transmitted as a function of time and interpreted in terms of variable criterion theory: The speed-accuracy~rad~off in t~is situation appears to depend upon differential rates of growth of intensity and associative information and the criterion used in responding to this information.In the context of a decision theory approach to reaction time (RT), catch trial effects may be viewed as resulting from variation in the decision criterion. Grice (1972b) has supported this interpretation in a quantitative analysis of an experiment by LaBerge (1971). Grice's theory of response evocation assumes that, following stimulus onset, sensory information (V) grows in strength according to some continuous function, the rate of growth depending upon stimulus intensity. In conditioning, and presumably in choice situations, there is also an associative information component which grows in a somewhat slower fashion (Grice, 1972a). When this sensory (and, when applicable, associative) growth reaches the level of the S's decision criterion or reaction threshold (T), the response occurs. Thus, in RT the latency is determined by the rate of growth of V and by the level of the criterion. The criterion is assumed to depend upon the requirements of the task; set, attentional, and motivational factors; and individual differences. Under homogeneous conditions of performance, it is assumed to be a normally distributed random variable with mean, T, and standard deviation, a. Both of these parameters are influenced by experimental conditions and individual differences. The value determining the probability of response at a particular latency is E =

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Effects of the intensity of auditory and visual ready signals on simple reaction time.

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Isolating exogenous and endogenous modes of temporal attention.

Isolating exogenous and endogenous modes of temporal attention.

Comparison of Absolute Thresholds Derived from an Adaptive Forced-Choice Procedure and from Reaction Probabilities and Reaction Times in a Simple Reaction Time Paradigm

Stimulus intensity, catch trial effects, and the speed-accuracy tradeoff in reaction time: A variable criterion theory interptation

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