Effects of the 5-m Shuttle Run Test on Markers of Muscle Damage, Inflammation, and Fatigue in Healthy Male Athletes

Abstract

Physical exercise is often associated with increases in muscle damage markers and inflammation. However, biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation responses to the 5-m shuttle run test (5mSRT) have not yet been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of the 5mSRT on muscle damage markers, inflammation, and perception of fatigue and recovery in healthy male athletes. Fifteen male amateur team sports players (age: 20 ± 3 yrs, height: 173 ± 7 cm, body-mass: 67 ± 7 kg) participated in this study. Blood biomarkers were collected at rest, 5 min after, and 72 h after the 5mSRT to measure muscle damage (i.e., creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)) and inflammation (i.e., C-reactive protein (CRP)). Best distance (BD), total distance (TD), fatigue index (FI), and percentage decrement (PD) during the 5mSRT were assessed. Perceived recovery (PRS) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were recorded before, 5 min after, and 72 h after the 5mSRT; perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded before, during, and 72 h after the 5mSRT. Muscle damage biomarkers post 5mSRT showed a significant increase compared to pre 5mSRT (p < 0.001) levels ((i.e., CK (190.6 ± 109.1 IU/L vs. 234.6 ± 113.7 IU/L), LDH (163.6 ± 35.1 IU/L vs. 209.9 ± 50.8 IU/L), ASAT (18.0 ± 4.4 IU/L vs. 21.7 ± 6.2 IU/L), and ALAT (10.2 ± 3.4 IU/L vs. 12.7 ± 3.8 IU/L)) and 72 h post 5mSRT (p < 0.001) levels ((CK (125.3 ± 80.5 IU/L vs. 234.6 ± 113.7 IU/L), LDH (143.9 ± 36.6 IU/L vs. 209.9 ± 50.8 IU/L), ASAT (15.0 ± 4.7 IU/L vs. 21.7 ± 6.2 IU/L), and ALAT (8.6 ± 2.4 IU/L vs. 12.7 ± 3.8 IU/L)). CRP was also significantly higher post 5mSRT compared to pre 5mSRT (2.1 ± 2.5 mg/L vs. 2.8 ± 3.3 mg/L, p < 0.001) and 72 h post 5mSRT (1.4 ± 2.3 mg/L vs. 2.8 ± 3.3 mg/L, p < 0.001). Significant correlations were reported between (i) physical performance parameters (i.e., PD, FI, TD, and BD), and (ii) markers of muscle damage (i.e., CK, LDH, ASAT, and ALAT) and inflammation (i.e., CRP). Similarly, DOMS and RPE scores were significantly higher post 5mSRT compared to pre 5mSRT (2.4 ± 1.0UA vs. 6.7 ± 1.1UA and 2.1 ± 0.6 UA vs. 8.1 ± 0.6 UA, respectively p < 0.001) and 72 h post 5mSRT (1.9 ± 0.7 UA vs. 6.7 ± 1.1 UA and 1.5 ± 0.6 UA vs. 8.1 ± 0.6 UA, respectively p < 0.001). PRS scores were significantly lower post 5mSRT as compared to pre 5mSRT (6 ± 1 UA vs. 3 ± 1 UA, p < 0.001) and 72 h post 5mSRT (7 ± 1 UA vs. 3 ± 1 UA, p < 0.001). Significant correlations existed between (i) performance parameters (PD, FI, TD, and BD) and (ii) RPE, PRS, and DOMS. The 5mSRT increased biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation, as well as the DOMS and RPE and reduced the PRS. Seventy-two hours was sufficient for fatigue recovery induced by the 5mSRT. PD is better than FI for the calculation of performance decrements during the 5mSRT to represent fatigue.

The Effect of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity among Sedentary Healthy Adults: A Repeated Measures Study

“…The main ndings of this study revealed that the percentage increment of MDA was dependent on the exercise intensity and duration. This is in agreement with Ammar et al [47], Ribeiro-Samora et al [53], El Abed et al [54], and Boukhris et al [55], which reported that the oxidative stress level is dependent on the intensity and duration of the exertion. Previous research showed that aerobic exercise performed at high intensity [8,14,29,56,57], particularly prolonged aerobic exercise [48], is associated with increased oxidative stress.…”

Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Inflammation, Oxidative/Antioxidant Balance, and Muscle Damage after Acute Exercise in Normobaric, Normoxic and Hypobaric, Hypoxic Environments: A Pilot Study

“…Inflammation is a reaction that causes fever and pain in the body in response to foreign antigens and tissue damage, such as in skeletal muscles. Even though it is a necessary defensive reaction that helps damaged tissue to recover, it can also cause other diseases like cardiovascular disease [ 23 ] and is closely related to musculoskeletal damage and muscle fatigue [ 24 , 25 ]. In some previous studies [ 6 , 26 ], the levels of fibrinogen, IL-6, and TNF-α in the blood have been reported to be indices reflecting the inflammatory response induced by acute exercise.…”

Longer Nap Duration During Ramadan Observance Positively Impacts 5-m Shuttle Run Test Performance Performed in the Afternoon

“…Although polysomnography may provide a truer picture of actual sleep architecture, the equipment may affect participants’ sleep for these short-period naps. To overcome this, previous studies have used a questionnaire to quantify participants’ sleepiness ( Waterhouse et al, 2007 ; Boukhris et al, 2020b ). Thus, the results of the present study must be confirmed by other studies while checking the states of sleepiness of the participants.…”

“…Using data from the tests, the following indices were calculated ( Boddington et al, 2001 ; Boukhris et al, 2020b ):…”

“…The 5-m shuttle run test was used in the present study as it measures physical performance capacities that are associated with speed and change of direction, and it challenges both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways (Boddington et al, 2001;Boukhris et al, 2019aBoukhris et al, , 2020b.…”