Effects of Ten Organic Insecticides on Two Species of Stonefly Naiads

Jensen, Loren D.; Gaufin, Arden R.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1964)93[27:eotoio]2.0.co;2

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…A second limitation is that sensitivity of the test organisms is size-(age-) dependent. This limitation is not unique to our method, having been shown in other studies [9,27,33,34]. This underscores the need to utilize small instars in testing whenever possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Use of the Mayfly Stenonema Modestum (Heptageniidae) in Subacute Toxicity Assessments

Diamond¹,

Winchester²,

Mackler³

et al. 1992

Environ Toxicol Chem

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This study presents the results of subacute toxicity testing with the mayfly (Ephemeroptera), species Stenonema modesturn (Heptageniidae). This species is ubiquitous to many streams in the eastern United States and Canada and is associated with unpolluted sediments and water. The results show that counts of molts or exuviae over a 7-14-d exposure period can be a sensitive indicator of chronic growth effects. Molt production was a more sensitive indicator of pollutant effects than length of organism or width of head capsule measurements. Tests using coal mine effluents indicated that the 7-d molt production end point was often more sensitive than the 14-d molt or survival end point. This was due to either a short-term stimulatory effect on molting or effluent variability over time. Molt stimulation was not observed in tests using NaCl or silver nitrate. Tests with these compounds and coal mine effluents demonstrated that the methods and end points provide repeatable and relatively sensitive data. Test precision was comparable to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7-d short-term chronic tests. Molt production of Stenonema modestum in laboratory tests proved to be a reliable predictor of instream effects due to a metal-finishing effluent. Furthermore, simultaneous tests of sediment elutriates and ambient samples from the stream pinpointed probable mechanisms behind the observed instream impact on Stenonema modestum. This method should be amenable to other mayfly species, making it a potentially useful tool in site-specific water quality and sediment quality studies

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Use of the Mayfly Stenonema Modestum (Heptageniidae) in Subacute Toxicity Assessments

Diamond¹,

Winchester²,

Mackler³

et al. 1992

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…However, other situations may arise in which exposure to pesticide is prolonged, e.g., runoff of pesticide from treated agricultural land, and accordingly the scope of laboratory tests must be extended to allow for this. Short exposures alone, such as those adopted in the present study, may provide only part of the story, and there is already evidence from laboratory work on dragonfly naiads (Muirhead-Thomson 1973) and plecopteran nymphs (Jensen and Gaufin 1964) that 24-and 48-h periods of exposure may reveal generic or specific differences in reaction that are not evident at shorter periods of l h or less. An extended range of test temperatures is also desirable as it has been shown that with trichopteran larvae for example, in static tests, that chlorinated hydrocarbons are more toxic at 10°C than at 2VC, while the reverse is true for organophosphates (Fredeen 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Experimental studies on macroinvertebrate predator–prey impact of pesticides. The reactions of Rhyacophila and Hydropsyche (Trichoptera) larvae to Simulium larvicides

Muirhead-Thomson¹

1979

Can. J. Zool.

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Acute toxicity tests with the predaceous trichopteran larvae of Rhyacophila dorsalis and Hydropsyche pellucidula in a laboratory-simulated stream have shown that both species have a high survival rate after short exposures, 15 min to 1 h, to concentrations of temephos(Abate) and chlorpyrifos methyl that produce a mortality of 90% or more in late-instar Simulium larvae. A similar differential reaction to the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin was demonstrated in the case of Hydropsyche but not Rhyacophila.The implication of these findings is discussed firstly in relation to the environmental impact of Simulium control programmes based on application of larvicides to rivers and streams, and secondly to the wider problem of evaluating the impact of pesticides and allied toxic chemicals on stream ecosystems.It is concluded that although significant differences in tolerance level to some insecticides between prey (Simulium) and predator (trichopteran larvae) can be demonstrated in the laboratory, the margin of safety is not sufficiently wide to assure selective control of Simulium larvae by these chemicals under the less precise conditions of larvicide application in the field.

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“…American work with stonefly (Plecoptera) naiads, in static water tests, has shown that within the same species there are wide differences in reaction to different chemical pesticides, much the same as has been established for freshwater fish (Jensen & Gaufin, 1960, 1964aGaufin et al, 1965;Saunders & Cope, 1968).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Laboratory evaluation of pesticide impact on stream invertebrates

Muirhead-Thompson¹

1973

Freshwater Biology

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1) Laboratory techniques are described for testing the reactions of representative stream invertebrates to known time/concentrations of pesticides under conditions of water flow and continuous circulation and replacement.(2) A 1-h exposure to serial dilutions of pesticide, followed by a 24-h holding period in clean water, formed the first basis or comparison between the reactions of different species.(3) DDT was found to have a marked differential effect on predator invertebrates such as dragonfly naiads and Nepa on the one hand, and prey organisms such as Baetis naiads and Simulium larvae on the other. Many dragonfly naiads could survive an exposure to 20 ppm DDT for I h (and live long enough to produce adults), while concentrations as low as 0-05 ppm for 1 h could produce near 100% mortality in Baetis naiads and Simulium larvae.(4) Lebaycid (fenthion) produced strikingly different reactions in that its lethal effect on dragonfly naiads, Baetis naiads and Simulium larvae was nearly uniform with no obvious differential effect. Dragonfly naiads proved to be even more susceptible to fenthion than were net-spinning larvae of the caddis fly, Hydropsyche.(5) The uniform impact of Lebaycid (fenthion) on test invertebrates was not evident in other organophosphorus compounds tested, all of which^as well as the carbamate Baygon-showed varying degrees of differential effect.(6) In experiments in which concentration x period of exposure was kept constant, dragonfly naiads were found to be more tolerant to long exposures of low concentrations of Lebaycid (fenthion) than to short exposures (I h) of correspondingly higher concentrations.(7) Whereas both agrionid and libellulid dragonfly naiads were equally affected by short (I-h) exposures to Lebaycid (fenthion), agrionids appeared to be rather more tolerant than libelluiids to long exposures (24 and 48 h) at correspondingly lower concentrations.In the case of DDT, the situation was reversed in that libellulid naiads were more tolerant to prolonged exposures to very low concentrations than were agrionids.(8) The implications of these findings are discussed with particular reference to pesticide impact on predator/prey relationships in freshwater ecosystems.

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Effects of Ten Organic Insecticides on Two Species of Stonefly Naiads

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Use of the Mayfly Stenonema Modestum (Heptageniidae) in Subacute Toxicity Assessments

Use of the Mayfly Stenonema Modestum (Heptageniidae) in Subacute Toxicity Assessments

Experimental studies on macroinvertebrate predator–prey impact of pesticides. The reactions of Rhyacophila and Hydropsyche (Trichoptera) larvae to Simulium larvicides

Laboratory evaluation of pesticide impact on stream invertebrates

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