Effects of temperature and salt concentration on latent Edwardsiella ictaluri infections in channel catfish

Plumb, John A.; Shoemaker, Craig A.

doi:10.3354/dao021171

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Avault (1982), over a 10 year period, observed minimal problems associated with infectious diseases when catfish were cultured in ponds with salinities ranging from 1.5 to 8 g/L. Specific diseases that have been shown to be controlled at higher salinities include ich, a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Ichthyopthirius multifiliis (Allen and Avault 1970), and enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), the major bacterial disease affecting the catfish industry (Plumb and Shoemaker 1995).…”

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Evaluation of Low Levels of Salinity on Hematological Parameters and Health Status of Channel Catfish Reared in Multiple‐Crop Ponds

2006

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A 1-year study was conducted from February 1999 to January 2000 to determine the effects of low levels of salinity on selected hematological parameters (total protein, hematocrit, leukocrit, and osmolality) and the health of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus reared in ponds managed under the multiple cropping production strategy. We stocked 2,000 catfish into 15 ponds (0.08 ha each) that we subdivided into five replicate ponds per each of three NaCl (salinity) treatments: freshwater conditions (nominal salinity ϭ 0 g/L of water) or adjusted salinities of 1.5 or 3 g/L. Total protein, hematocrit, and plasma osmolality for fish reared at the NaCl-induced salinities were significantly higher than those for fish cultured in freshwater. Although the leukocrit of fish reared at a salinity of 3 g/L was significantly higher than that of fish reared in freshwater or at 1.5 g/L, all were within the normal ranges reported for channel catfish. Although two bacterial diseases known to routinely affect channel catfish (enteric septicemia of catfish and motile aeromonad septicemia) were observed at all salinity levels tested, columnaris disease was not observed during the study. Parasitic infections during certain months were less severe for fish reared in saline ponds than in freshwater. The results indicate that the hematological variables measured in this study were higher at increased salinities but within the ranges reported as normal for channel catfish.

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Evaluation of Low Levels of Salinity on Hematological Parameters and Health Status of Channel Catfish Reared in Multiple‐Crop Ponds

2006

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“…Together, these species were diagnosed in more than 60% of the cases submitted to the Fish Diagnostic Laboratory at the Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center in Stoneville, Mississippi, from 1996 Research on these two diseases has been very extensive and includes the pathology of the disease (Miyazaki and Plumb 1985;Decostere et al 1999), fish immune response (Klesius 1992a;Ciembor et al 1995), vaccination trials (Thune et al 1997;Shoemaker et al 1999;Wise and Terhune 2001), diagnostic detection tools (Hawke and Thune 1992;Klesius 1993), and treatment evaluation (Wilson and MacMillan 1989;Johnson and Smith 1993;Wise and Johnson 1998). Other work, conducted primarily in laboratory and experimental pond settings, has focused on the relationship of environmental factors and management practices to these diseases (Hanson and Grizzle 1985;Francis-Floyd et al 1987;Moore et al 1990;Mqolomba and Plumb 1992;Kim and Lovell 1995;Plumb and Shoemaker 1995;Altinok and Grizzle 2001). Diagnostic laboratory records have been used to investigate the temporal and geographical distribution of ESC despite their documented limitations, such as selection bias (Freund et al 1990).…”

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The Epidemiology of Bacterial Diseases in Food-Size Channel Catfish

Wagner

Wise²,

Khoo

et al. 2002

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

169

103

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Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) and columnaris are the most economically important bacterial diseases affecting the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus industry in the United States. Although these two diseases have been extensively researched, little is known about their prevalence and epidemiology in production systems. In 1997, a two-part survey of catfish producers in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi was conducted to estimate the proportion of ponds and catfish operations that have these diseases and to develop information on the risk factors associated with reporting an occurrence. The response rates to the two phases of the survey were 65.6% and 75.3%, respectively. Overall, 78.1% of all operations and 42.1% of all ponds experienced problems with ESC/columnaris. Higher percentages of large operations and ponds on large operations experienced these problems. The most frequently reported average loss per outbreak of the two diseases was 200-2,000 lb (1 lb = 0.454 kg) per outbreak. Univariate analysis and multivariable regression modeling of the survey data identified three possible risk factors associated with ESC/columnaris, namely, operation size, stocking density, and feeding rate. Conversely, operations that produced their own fingerlings and those that drained ponds at intervals of 3 years or less were less likely to report losses. The associations identified in this study do not establish firm causal relationships, but they do generate hypotheses about managerial and environmental interactions that represent substantial risks to production.

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“…Water temperature also plays an important role in the development of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) caused by E. ictaluri (Francis-Floyd et al 1987, Plumb & Shoemaker 1995. For example, channel catfish latently infected with E. ictaluri and held at 15°C had significantly greater mortality when the water temperature was raised to 25°C than when it remained constant at 15°C, or even when it was increased to 30°C (Plumb & Shoemaker 1995). Based on our results, an incremental increase in water temperature of only 5°C, from 25 to 30°C, prevented the development of clinical signs, gross changes, and mortality events in fish infected with Francisella noatunensis subsp.…”

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Effects of temperature and salt concentration on Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis infections in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Soto¹,

Abrams²,

Revan³

2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Little is known about the environmental conditions that allow Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis, a worldwide emergent bacterial fish pathogen, to colonize and infect wild and cultured fish. We evaluated the effect of temperature and salinity on the infectivity of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L). Immersion challenges of tilapia with F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis at water temperatures of 25 and 30°C in both sea and fresh water were conducted for 14 d. Morbidity and mortality were recorded daily, and at the completion of the study, a quantitative assessment of the splenic bacterial burden was performed in surviving fish. Fish maintained at 25°C developed francisellosis and had considerably higher mortality and splenic bacterial concentrations compared to control fish and fish maintained at 30°C. Moreover, increasing the water temperature from 25 to 30°C prevented the development of clinical signs and mortality in Francisella-challenged fish. In conclusion, temperature significantly influenced the development of francisellosis in tilapia, whereas salinity had no effect. Our findings may be useful in the establishment of improved prophylactic practices and in the management of outbreaks of francisellosis in the aquaculture industry. KEY WORDS: Francisellosis · Aquaculture · Environment · Pathogenesis Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 101: [217][218][219][220][221][222][223] 2012 vention and treatment of piscine francisellosis makes it an important economic and health concern amongst aquaculturists.The combination of a pathogen in the water, a susceptible host, and an unfavorable environment defines the pathogenesis of many fish infectious diseases (Snieszko 1973, Plumb & Hanson 2011. Fish are completely dependent upon water to breathe, feed, excrete wastes, maintain osmolality, and reproduce. In this sense, the physical and chemical qualities of the aquatic environment in general, and the water in particular, are critical to understanding the pathogenesis of fish diseases and to developing efficacious preventative practices and successful therapies. Due to the emergent nature of francisellosis in warm-and coldwater fish, little is known of the ecology of this bacterium in water. Moreover, to develop an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of Francisella noa tunensis subsp. orientalis infection, one must understand the environmental conditions that optimize the survival, infectivity, and pathogenicity of this bacterium in the fish host. Our objectives were to evaluate the capability of F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis to infect tilapia at different temperatures and sali nities, and to evaluate the survivability of la tently infected tilapia under different environmental conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains and growth conditionsFrancisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis LADL 07-285A was isolated from cultured tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) as described previously (Soto et al. 2009b...

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Effects of temperature and salt concentration on latent Edwardsiella ictaluri infections in channel catfish

Cited by 19 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluation of Low Levels of Salinity on Hematological Parameters and Health Status of Channel Catfish Reared in Multiple‐Crop Ponds

Evaluation of Low Levels of Salinity on Hematological Parameters and Health Status of Channel Catfish Reared in Multiple‐Crop Ponds

The Epidemiology of Bacterial Diseases in Food-Size Channel Catfish

Effects of temperature and salt concentration on Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis infections in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

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