Effects of systemic hypoxia on human muscular adaptations to resistance exercise training

Kon, Michihiro; Ohiwa, Nao; Honda, Akira; Matsubayashi, Takeo; Ikeda, Toshihide; Akimoto, Takayuki; Suzuki, Yasuhiro; Hirano, Yuichi; Russell, Aaron P.

doi:10.14814/phy2.12267

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…showed that muscular endurance was significantly increased under hypoxic exercise training in human skeletal muscle [18]. Consistent with their results, the results of this study showed that hypoxic lip training was effective for increasing both orbicularis oris muscular strength and endurance because both of them were greatly increased after the hypoxic training at T3 (Figs.7 and 8).…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Trainingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Study of training for improving lip incompetence

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Purpose: We have been using myofunctional therapy in orthodontic treatment to improve orofacial disorders. Our previous study showed that lip training increased orbicularis oris muscle strength and endurance. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hypoxic lip training for improving lip incompetence.Subjects & Methods: Twenty healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females, 23.6 ± 2.3 years old) with lip incompetence participated in this study. We recorded the sealed lip ratio calculated by using the formula "(lip-sealing time / total recorded time) × 100" during relaxation (listening to soothing music) and during concentration (performing a mathematical calculation). Then the subjects performed a standardized hypoxic lip training (5 repetitive contractions with 80% of maximum tensile strength of the orbicularis oris muscle) with a traction plate. Training was repeated daily for 4 weeks. To estimate training effects, the sealed lip ratios during relaxation and concentration were recorded before training (T1), at 2 weeks (T2) and 4 weeks (T3) after the start of training, and at 4 weeks (T4) and 8 weeks (T5) after the end of training.Results: The sealed lip ratios in both the relaxation and concentration conditions significantly (P < 0.003 after Bonferroni correction) increased during the training period. Although the sealed lip ratios slightly decreased during the post-training period, they were not significantly different from those at T3.Conclusions: Hypoxic lip training increases the sealed lip ratio and is thus effective for improving lip incompetence. Sealed lip ratios were maintained after 8 weeks of training.

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Section: Effectiveness Of Trainingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Study of training for improving lip incompetence

et al. 2016

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“…These studies are summarized in [11,17]. However, other investigations using similar training loads but with extended inter-set recovery intervals (90-120 s) have demonstrated no added benefit for training under hypoxia [12,13]. Although it is too early to make definitive recommendations based on only these investigations, we hypothesize that low-and moderate-load IHRT might only provide added benefit when relatively brief inter-set rest periods are used.…”

Section: Conflicting Results Of Ihrt Studiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Theoretically, higher concentrations of hormones increase the likelihood of receptor interactions [36], thereby enhancing the action of these hormones. In particular, increased growth hormone concentrations have been reported following low-load [23] and moderateload [13,24] IHRT. Post-exercise elevations in growth hormone may be mediated by increased lactate and/or hydrogen ion build-up [37].…”

Section: Anabolic Effects Of Metabolic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 13], who used relatively long inter-set rest periods (120 and 90 s, respectively) and observed no added benefit for hypertrophic or strength responses following IHRT compared to the equivalent training in normoxia. We believe that while investigations using longer rest periods are necessary to broaden scientific understanding of IHRT methods, it is premature to conclude that the addition of hypoxia to resistance training does not provide added muscular benefit based on the results of research using longer inter-set rest periods.…”

Section: Considerations For Training Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has demonstrated that hypertrophic and strength responses can be enhanced by breathing hypoxic air during low-load (20% 1RM) [6,10] and moderate-load (70% 1RM) [11] resistance training. However, some more recent evidence has provided conflicting results, reporting no additional benefit for muscular development following resistance training in systemic hypoxia [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermittent hypoxic resistance training: Is metabolic stress the key moderator?

Scott¹,

Slattery

Dascombe³

2015

Medical Hypotheses

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Traditionally, researchers and practitioners have manipulated acute resistance exercise variables to elicit the desired responses to training. However, recent research indicates that altering the muscular environment during resistance training, namely by implementing a hypoxic stimulus, can augment muscle hypertrophy and strength.Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT), whereby participants inspire hypoxic air during resistance training, has been previously demonstrated to increase muscle cross-sectional area and maximum strength by significantly greater amounts than the equivalent training in normoxia. However, some recent evidence has provided conflicting results, reporting that the use of systemic hypoxia during resistance training provided no added benefit. While the definitive mechanisms that may augment muscular responses to IHRT are not yet fully understood, an increased metabolic stress is thought to be important for moderating many downstream processes related to hypertrophy. It is likely that methodological differences between conflicting IHRT studies have resulted in different degrees of metabolic stress during training, particularly when considering the inter-set recovery intervals used. Given that the most fundamental physiological stresses resulting from hypoxia are disturbances to oxidative metabolism, it becomes apparent that resistance training may only benefit from additional hypoxia if the exercise is structured to elicit a strong metabolic response. We hypothesize that for IHRT to be more effective in producing muscular hypertrophy and increasing strength than the equivalent normoxic training, exercise should be performed with relatively brief inter-set recovery periods, with the aim of providing a potent metabolic stimulus to enhance anabolic responses.3

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