Effects of supplementation with two sources and two levels of copper on meat lipid oxidation, meat colour and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities in Nellore beef cattle

Abstract

In the present study, thirty-five Nellore bulls were used to determine the effects of two levels and two sources (organic and inorganic) of Cu supplementation on the oxidative stability of lipids, measured by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) test, meat colour and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities. The following treatments were used: (1) control (C) -basal diet without supplementation of Cu (7 mg Cu/kg DM); (2) I10 -basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper sulphate (inorganic form); (3) I40 -basal diet supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper sulphate; (4) O10 -basal diet supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper proteinate (organic form); (5) O40 -basal diet supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM in the form of copper proteinate. Lipid oxidation was determined in meat samples exposed to display, modified atmosphere (MA) and vacuum packaging (VC) conditions and in liver samples using the TBARS test. These samples were also evaluated for meat discolouration after exposure to air. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px enzymes were determined in liver samples. In display, MA and VC conditions, the TBARS values of samples from animals supplemented with 40 mg Cu/kg DM were lower than those of samples from control animals. There was no effect of treatment on the colour variables (L*, a*, b*). There was also no significant effect of treatment on hepatic TBARS concentrations and GSH-Px activity. Supplementation with Cu at 40 mg/kg, regardless of the source, induced higher hepatic SOD activity compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, Cu supplementation improved the oxidative stability of lipids in samples exposed to display, MA and VC conditions, demonstrating the antioxidant effect of this mineral.

Effect of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Antioxidants and Biochemical Status of Osmanabadi Goats

“…The increase in SOD activity after zinc supplementation might be because zinc is an intrinsic constituent of superoxide dismutase, a major scavenger of free radicals present in the cytoplasm of many types of cells (Spears and W eiss, 2008). In copper supplemented groups, the present study's findings are in accordance with Zhang et al (2012) and Correa et al (2014).…”

Trace Minerals Supplementation with Great Impact on Beef Cattle Immunity and Health

“…Thus, this section of the manuscript focuses on the effects of oral supplementation with individual TM on cattle health and immunity. During the last decades, numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of oral TM supplementation on beef cattle immunity, health and performance [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, other studies have shown marginal or insignificant effects of oral TM supplementation on beef cattle metabolism, growth, immunity and health [ 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ].…”

“…Copper supplementation of beef cows resulted in improved health status and increased growth performance of their calves [ 115 ]. In addition, Cu supplementation of weaned calves enhanced their oxidative status [ 22 ], immune response, protection and overall health [ 92 , 116 ].…”

“…Clinical and scientific evidence supports TM supplementation in beef cattle herds and growing steers. Numerous studies have shown the effects of TM on the cattle immune response as well as their health and performance [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, many of those studies differ substantially in their experimental designs, protocols, TM formulations, baseline diets, and outcomes.…”

Revision of the currently authorised maximum copper content in complete feed

“…The increased concentration of GSSG has shown an indirect relationship with the enzyme 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) activity (Netto et al., ). The above‐mentioned changes in lipid metabolism by copper supplementation (20–40 mg/kg DM) are published mainly by one research group (Engle and Spears, ; Engle et al., ,b,c); some recent studies in bulls found a decrease in cholesterol and an increase in the proportion of UFA in meat after supplementation of copper (30–40 mg/kg DM, background 4.7–7) (Correa et al., , ; Fagari‐Nobijari et al., ). On the other hand, these effects were not confirmed in Simmental steers (10 or 40 mg Cu/kg DM, background 5.1) (Engle and Spears, ), in feedlot Brangus bulls (40 mg Cu/kg DM, background 5.8) (Netto et al., ) and in beef heifers (16.8 and 98 mg Cu/kg DM complete diet) (Alvarado‐Gilis et al., ).…”