Effects of Substance Use and Sex Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome During HIV-1 Infection

Fulcher, Jennifer A.; Hussain, Shehnaz K.; Cook, Ryan; Fan, Liancheng; Tobin, Nicole H.; Ragsdale, Amy; Shoptaw, Steven; Gorbach, Pamina M.; Aldrovandi, Grace M.

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy349

Cited by 40 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This raised the possibility that the observed changes were attributed to alterations in the diets of users vs non-users, consistent with observations that cannabis users consume fewer fruits and more animal products and have higher caloric intake but, paradoxically, have similar nutrient serum status and lower BMIs than non-users [175]. In a second study, archived anal swabs were used to assess the µBs of HIV-positive individuals [176]. Cannabis use in these individuals was also associated with alterations in bacterial populations, including a decreased abundance of Prevotella as well as Acidaminococcus and Dorea , the latter two of which have been associated with obesity [177,178], along with increased abundances of other genera.…”

Section: Cannabis Use and Metabolic Healthmentioning

confidence: 56%

Lifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome

2019

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Lifestyle is a well-known environmental factor that plays a major role in facilitating the development of metabolic syndrome or eventually exacerbating its consequences. Various lifestyle factors, especially changes in dietary habits, extreme temperatures, unusual light–dark cycles, substance abuse, and other stressful factors, are also established modifiers of the endocannabinoid system and its extended version, the endocannabinoidome. The endocannabinoidome is a complex lipid signaling system composed of a plethora (>100) of fatty acid-derived mediators and their receptors and anabolic and catabolic enzymes (>50 proteins) which are deeply involved in the control of energy metabolism and its pathological deviations. A strong link between the endocannabinoidome and another major player in metabolism and dysmetabolism, the gut microbiome, is also emerging. Here, we review several examples of how lifestyle modifications (westernized diets, lack or presence of certain nutritional factors, physical exercise, and the use of cannabis) can modulate the propensity to develop metabolic syndrome by modifying the crosstalk between the endocannabinoidome and the gut microbiome and, hence, how lifestyle interventions can provide new therapies against cardiometabolic risk by ensuring correct functioning of both these systems.

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Section: Cannabis Use and Metabolic Healthmentioning

confidence: 56%

Lifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome

2019

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“…Most studies did not control for sexual preference; only one examined sexual activity [21]. However, recent evidence suggests that status as a man who has sex with men (MSM) impacts gut microbiome measures, perhaps relating to receptive anal intercourse or other behaviors [17,[31][32][33][34]. Finally, limited data suggest that CD4 cell count [17,24], HIV VL [17], and elite controller status [25] impact α-diversity in HIV + patients.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Gut Microbiota α-Diversity: An Individual-level Meta-analysis

Tuddenham

Koay

Zhao

et al. 2019

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background Whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impacts gut microbial α-diversity is controversial. We reanalyzed raw 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences and metadata from published studies to examine α-diversity measures between HIV-uninfected (HIV–) and HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. Methods We conducted a systematic review and individual level meta-analysis by searching Embase, Medline, and Scopus for original research studies (inception to 31 December 2017). Included studies reported 16S rRNA gene sequences of fecal samples from HIV+ patients. Raw sequence reads and metadata were obtained from public databases or from study authors. Raw reads were processed through standardized pipelines with use of a high-resolution taxonomic classifier. The χ2 test, paired t tests, and generalized linear mixed models were used to relate α-diversity measures and clinical metadata. Results Twenty-two studies were identified with 17 datasets available for analysis, yielding 1032 samples (311 HIV–, 721 HIV+). HIV status was associated with a decrease in measures of α-diversity (P < .001). However, in stratified analysis, HIV status was associated with decreased α-diversity only in women and in men who have sex with women (MSW) but not in men who have sex with men (MSM). In analyses limited to women and MSW, controlling for HIV status, women displayed increased α-diversity compared with MSW. Conclusions Our study suggests that HIV status, sexual risk category, and gender impact gut microbial community α-diversity. Future studies should consider MSM status in gut microbiome analyses.

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“…One study assessed sexual practice and drug use in PWH, including cannabis on gut microbiota composition noting normalization of taxa commonly observed as dysbiotic in PWH. 53 A decline in Prevotella abundance was associated with cannabis use 53 (Table 1).…”

Section: Cannabis and The Gut Microbiome In Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and the Gut–Brain Axis Communication in HIV Infection

Wilson

Peterson

Ellis

2021

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research

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People living with HIV infection (PWH) disclose that cannabis is an effective strategy for alleviating symptoms associated with HIV disease. However, some medical providers feel ill-informed to engage in evidence-based conversations. HIV leads to alterations in the gut microbiome, gut-brain axis signaling, and chronic inflammation. The endocannabinoid system regulates homeostasis of multiple organ systems. When deficient, dysregulation of the gut-brain axis can result in chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Cannabis along with the naturally occurring endocannabinoids has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can support healing and restoration as an adjunctive therapy. The purpose of this literature review is to report the physiologic mechanisms that occur in the pathology of HIV and discuss potential benefits of cannabinoids in supporting health and reducing the negative effects of comorbidities in PWH.

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Effects of Substance Use and Sex Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome During HIV-1 Infection

Abstract: Drug use and sex behavior are important factors associated with intestinal dysbiosis during chronic HIV-1 infection among young MSM.

Cited by 40 publications

References 40 publications

Lifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome

Lifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome

The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Gut Microbiota α-Diversity: An Individual-level Meta-analysis

Cannabis and the Gut–Brain Axis Communication in HIV Infection

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