Cannabis and the Gut–Brain Axis Communication in HIV Infection

Wilson, Natalie; Peterson, Scott N.; Ellis, Ronald J.

doi:10.1089/can.2020.0037

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…This may be particularly relevant in the context of the endocannabinoid system, as the endocannabinoid system regulates homeostasis of multiple organ systems, including the gut. Because dysregulation of the gut-brain axis can result in chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation, endocannabinoids have anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties relevant to modulation of inflammation that occurs along the gut-brain axis ( 101 , 102 ).…”

Section: Endocannabinoid Pain Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Composite Pain Biomarkers of Neuropathic Pain—Focus on Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

et al. 2022

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Chronic pain affects ~10–20% of the U.S. population with an estimated annual cost of $600 billion, the most significant economic cost of any disease to-date. Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain that is particularly difficult to manage and leads to significant disability and poor quality of life. Pain biomarkers offer the possibility to develop objective pain-related indicators that may help diagnose, treat, and improve the understanding of neuropathic pain pathophysiology. We review neuropathic pain mechanisms related to opiates, inflammation, and endocannabinoids with the objective of identifying composite biomarkers of neuropathic pain. In the literature, pain biomarkers typically are divided into physiological non-imaging pain biomarkers and brain imaging pain biomarkers. We review both types of biomarker types with the goal of identifying composite pain biomarkers that may improve recognition and treatment of neuropathic pain.

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Section: Endocannabinoid Pain Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Composite Pain Biomarkers of Neuropathic Pain—Focus on Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

et al. 2022

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“…Further, since ECS regulates homeostasis of the gut microbiome, HIV leads to alterations in the gut microbiome and gut-brain axis signaling, as well as chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Thus, it has been suggested that cannabis, or CBD that potentially has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may be used as an adjunct therapy in healing and restoring the gut microbiome in HIV-infected subjects [58]. However, more clinical research is needed to collect evidence that would support the use of CBD in the treatment of these inflammatory disorders.…”

Section: Cannabis and Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Link between Cannabis Use, Immune System, and Viral Infections

Maggirwar

Khalsa

2021

Viruses

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Cannabis continues to be the most used drug in the world today. Research shows that cannabis use is associated with a wide range of adverse health consequences that may involve almost every physiological and biochemical system including respiratory/pulmonary complications such as chronic cough and emphysema, impairment of immune function, and increased risk of acquiring or transmitting viral infections such as HIV, HCV, and others. The review of published research shows that cannabis use may impair immune function in many instances and thereby exerts an impact on viral infections including human immune deficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C infection (HCV), and human T-cell lymphotropic type I and II virus (HTLV-I/II). The need for more research is also highlighted in the areas of long-term effects of cannabis use on pulmonary/respiratory diseases, immune dysfunction and the risk of infection transmission, and the molecular/genetic basis of immune dysfunction in chronic cannabis users.

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“…Several other aspects of chronic marijuana use in people living with HIV are unknown or understudied, including its association with symptoms of pain and anxiety, problems such as cannabis use disorder, and biological responses such as chronic inflammation [ 32 , 33 ]. There is evidence linking marijuana use with a decreased inflammatory response [ 11 , 17 , 18 ], but no reports to date have examined this relationship using longitudinal data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The long-term effects of marijuana use on people living with HIV are not clear and could potentially vary across individuals and by variation in cannabinoid type and strength within different strains of marijuana and medical marijuana products. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most psychoactive component of marijuana, whereas some evidence suggests that other components of cannabis, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and various terpenes, or their combinations, show more promise for medical treatments [10,11]. In some studies, marijuana use has been shown to alleviate HIV-related symptoms, such as loss of appetite, fatigue, anxiety, neuropathy, pain, nausea, systemic inflammation, neurocognitive impairment, and gastrointestinal problems, and medication side effects [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most psychoactive component of marijuana, whereas some evidence suggests that other components of cannabis, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and various terpenes, or their combinations, show more promise for medical treatments [10,11]. In some studies, marijuana use has been shown to alleviate HIV-related symptoms, such as loss of appetite, fatigue, anxiety, neuropathy, pain, nausea, systemic inflammation, neurocognitive impairment, and gastrointestinal problems, and medication side effects [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. However, other studies have found limited, insufficient, or lacking evidence supporting marijuana-related improvements to appetite, anxiety, cognitive functioning [20][21][22], irritable bowel syndrome, and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marijuana Use and Health Outcomes in Persons Living With HIV: Protocol for the Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) Longitudinal Cohort Study

Algarin¹,

Plazarte²,

Sovich³

et al. 2022

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background Marijuana use is common in persons with HIV, but there is limited evidence of its relationship with potential health benefits or harms. Objective The Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) study was designed to evaluate the impact of marijuana use on HIV-related health outcomes, cognitive function, and systemic inflammation. Methods The MAPLE study is a longitudinal cohort study of participants living with HIV who were recruited from 3 locations in Florida and were either current marijuana users or never regular marijuana users. At enrollment, participants completed questionnaires that included detailed marijuana use assessments, underwent interviewer-administered neurocognitive assessments, and provided blood and urine samples. Ongoing follow-ups included brief telephone assessments (every 3 months), detailed questionnaires (annually), repeated blood and urine samples (2 years), and linkage to medical records and statewide HIV surveillance data. Supplemental measures related to intracellular RNA, COVID-19, Alzheimer disease, and the gut microbiome were added after study initiation. Results The MAPLE study completed enrollment of 333 persons between 2018 and 2021. The majority of participants in the sample were ≥50 years of age (200/333, 60.1%), male (181/333, 54.4%), cisgender men (173/329, 52.6%), non-Hispanic Black (221/333, 66.4%), and self-reported marijuana users (260/333, 78.1%). Participant follow-up was completed in 2022, with annual updates to HIV surveillance data through at least 2027. Conclusions The MAPLE study is the largest cohort specifically designed to understand the use of marijuana and its effects on HIV-related outcomes. The study population has significant diversity across age, sex, gender, and race. The data will help clinicians and public health officials to better understand patterns of marijuana use associated with both positive and negative health outcomes, and may inform recommendations for future clinical trials related to medical marijuana and HIV. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/37153

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Cannabis and the Gut–Brain Axis Communication in HIV Infection

Cited by 9 publications

References 105 publications

Toward Composite Pain Biomarkers of Neuropathic Pain—Focus on Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

Toward Composite Pain Biomarkers of Neuropathic Pain—Focus on Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

The Link between Cannabis Use, Immune System, and Viral Infections

Marijuana Use and Health Outcomes in Persons Living With HIV: Protocol for the Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) Longitudinal Cohort Study

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