Effects of submicrometer particle compositions on cytokine production and lipid peroxidation of human bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract

To identify the size and components related to toxicity of ambient particles, we used a trichotomous impactor to collect 17 sets of particles in three size ranges--submicrometer (diameters < 1 microm; PM1.0, fine (diameters between 1 and 2.5 microm; PM1.0-2.5, and coarse (diameters between 2.5 and 10 microm; PM2.5-10--at stations monitoring background, urban, traffic, and industrial air in Taiwan. Elemental contents, carbon contents, soluble ions, and endotoxin content of particles were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, thermal analysis, ion chromatography, and the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, respectively. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to particle extracts at 100 micro g/mL for 8 hr, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations in the medium and lipid peroxidation products were measured. Particle-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was also measured. PM1.0 stimulation resulted in significantly higher IL-8 production and lipid peroxidation than PM2.5-10, whereas the responses elicited by PM1.0-2.5 were not significantly higher than blank filters. Untreated and polymyxin B-pretreated PM1.0 also stimulated more TNF-alpha production by RAW 264.7 cells than PM2.5-10 and PM1.0-2.5. Cytokine production was significantly associated with metal contents of PM1.0: IL-8 correlated with Cr and Mn, and TNF-alpha correlated with Fe and Cr. Lipid peroxidation in BEAS-2B cells correlated with elemental and organic carbon contents. Our study found that size and composition of ambient particles were both important factors in inducing cytokine production and lipid peroxidation.

Particulate Matter Immunomodulatory Effects on Autoantibody Development in New Zealand Mixed Mice

“…A consistent association between levels of particulate matter in the ambient air and increases in mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular complications has been reported (Salvi et al, 1999;Kleinman et al, 2000;Huang, Hsu, and Chan, 2003;Pozzi et al, 2003). Therefore, the effects of acid-washed PM 1648, PM 1648, PM 2.5 , and saline on mortality in NZM mice were examined.…”

“…However, pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis have been reported with urban particles with the greatest toxicity seen with PM 2.5 (Churg and Brauer, 2000;Schwartz and Neas, 2000;van Zijverden et al, 2001;Buerke et al, 2002). Also, there has been a consistent link between increased incidence of mortality and morbidity due to cardiopulmonary complications and elevated levels of particulate matter in the air (Salvi et al, 1999;Kleinman et al, 2000;Huang, Hsu, and Chan, 2003;Pozzi et al, 2003). We also demonstrated that PM 1648 and PM 2.5 exposed NZM mice showed increases in fibrosis, collagen deposition, and immune cell infiltration in the lungs.…”

“…Particulate matter is a complex mixture of organic, inorganic, and biological compounds including diesel exhaust particles (DEP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), endotoxin, minerals and metals that differs in mass, size, and chemical constituents (Huang, Hsu, and Chan, 2003;Pozzi et al, 2003). These particles are categorized either in 3 size ranges, PM 1.0 (diameters <1 µm), PM 1.0−2.5 (diameters between 1.0-2.5 µm), and PM 2.5−10 (diameters between 2.5-10 µm) (Huang, Hsu, and Chan, 2003) or as coarse particles ranging from 2.5-10 µm and fine fraction including particles with an aerodynamic diameter of about 0.1-2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) (Pozzi et al, 2003).…”

“…These particles are categorized either in 3 size ranges, PM 1.0 (diameters <1 µm), PM 1.0−2.5 (diameters between 1.0-2.5 µm), and PM 2.5−10 (diameters between 2.5-10 µm) (Huang, Hsu, and Chan, 2003) or as coarse particles ranging from 2.5-10 µm and fine fraction including particles with an aerodynamic diameter of about 0.1-2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) (Pozzi et al, 2003). The coarse fraction consists of particles that are derived mainly from natural sources such as dust and other geogenic material, while the fine fraction is a mixture of carbonaceous material derived from anthropogenic emissions (Pozzi et al, 2003).…”

“…Particulate matter could result in local or systemic immune responses that can be manifested as either immune enhancement or immunosuppression (Albright and Goldstein, 1996). For example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important organic components of particulate matter that can affect the immune system (Albright and Goldstein, 1996;Huang, Hsu, and Chan, 2003). PAHs may function as potent immunosuppressive agents that can act directly on B and T lymphocytes (Albright and Goldstein, 1996).…”