Effects of stride frequency on mechanical power and energy expenditure of walking

Ae, Minetti; Capelli, Carlo; Zamparo, Paola; Prampero, di; Saibene, F.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199508000-00014

Cited by 132 publications

(123 citation statements)

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“…We confirm previous findings on the metabolic cost of varying step time; symmetric steps slower and faster than preferred increased metabolic power [13 -19] ) increase in positive mechanical power production (figure 2b), consistent with previous findings [11,15].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…We find that gait asymmetry itself is intrinsically metabolically expensive beyond the costs imposed by non-preferred step times. Many previous studies have shown that preferred human gait involves combinations of step width, length and duration rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Proc R Soc B 280: 20122784 that minimize energy expenditure [14,15]. Here, we have identified symmetry as another energy-minimizing objective in healthy human gait.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A coordination of simultaneous push-off and collision work is then necessary to transition to the next leg, much of it during double support [9][10][11][12]. It has also been shown that preferred symmetric walking is optimal; individuals choose step and stride lengths, widths and durations that minimize both metabolic and mechanical power [13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

2013

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Animals use both pendular and elastic mechanisms to minimize energy expenditure during terrestrial locomotion. Elastic gaits can be either bilaterally symmetric (e.g. run and trot) or asymmetric (e.g. skip, canter and gallop), yet only symmetric pendular gaits (e.g. walk) are observed in nature. Does minimizing metabolic and mechanical power constrain pendular gaits to temporal symmetry? We measured rates of metabolic energy expenditure and calculated mechanical power production while healthy humans walked symmetrically and asymmetrically at a range of step and stride times. We found that walking with a 42 per cent step time asymmetry required 80 per cent (2.5 W kg 21 ) more metabolic power than preferred symmetric gait. Positive mechanical power production increased by 64 per cent (approx. 0.24 W kg 21 ), paralleling the increases we observed in metabolic power. We found that when walking asymmetrically, subjects absorbed more power during double support than during symmetric walking and compensated by increasing power production during single support. Overall, we identify inherent metabolic and mechanical costs to gait asymmetry and find that symmetry is optimal in healthy human walking.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

2013

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“…The in¯uence of these differences on the energy cost of walking is dif®cult to appreciate, but we believe that their effect might not be counterbalanced by imposing a uniform stride. Indeed, it has been shown that the lowest energy expenditure of walking to a given speed is achieved when the stride frequency is freely chosen by the subject (Minetti et al, 1995). Further to this, our study intended to explore the cost of walking under real life conditions.…”

Section: Figure 3 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The basal metabolic rate and energy cost of standardised walking of short and tall men

Censi¹,

Toti²,

Pastore³

et al. 1998

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: To assess the in¯uence of stature on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and on the energy cost of standardised walking. A second objective was assess the accuracy of the FAOaUNUaWHO (1985) equations to predict BMR. Designasubjects: Forty-six young men were selected on the basis of their stature and assigned to the group of short, S (n 25, mean stature 1.65 AE 0.03 m) or of tall, T (n 21, mean stature 1.87 AE 0.04 m). Setting: Rome, Italy. Interventions: Body composition was assessed by underwater weighing. BMR and energy cost walking at 5 kmah was measured by the Douglas bag. Results: Body fat % was similar in the two groups (15.2 AE 4.3 for S; 17.4 AE 5.3 for T; ns). The BMR of T was 20% higher than that of S, but 12% and 10% lower when standardised respectively for body weight (BW) and fat free mass (FFM). However these differences were removed when BMR was covaried for BW or FFM, or normalised by BW 0.62 or FFM 0.64 . Measured BMR was 7% for T and 6% for S lower than that predicted by the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) equation; the inclusion of stature did not reduce the overestimation. The energy cost of walking was 27% higher in T than in S, but 9% and 5% lower when standardised respectively for BW and FFM. The differences disappeared when expressing the energy cost of walking as net cost per kg FFM. Conclusions: Tall people have lower BMR per unit of BW or FFM than short people, and it is necessary to control for the diverse body mass by the appropriate method. However, qualitative differences in the composition of FFM are plausible, due to the diverse proportion of metabolically active internal organs in people of different height, which might be re¯ected in the higher BMRakg FFM of the shorter subjects. The sex-and age-speci®c FAOaWHOaUNU (1985) equation signi®cantly overestimates the BMR of both short and tall people, but there is no simple explanation of this observation. The energy cost of walking is not affected by stature when expressed as net cost per kg FFM.

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“…The center-of-mass vertical motion is the most frequently cited hypothesis [18][19]. Nondisabled subjects spontaneously walk at a speed that minimizes energy cost per unit distance [20][21] by adopting an optimal relationship between SL and SR [22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of terrain on metabolic and temporal gait characteristics of unilateral transtibial amputees

Paysant¹,

Beyaert²,

Datié³

et al. 2006

JRRD

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Abstract-The difficulties confronted by amputees during overground walking are rarely investigated. In this study, we evaluated, in real-world situations, the influence of ground surface on walking in young, active amputees by measuring temporal and spatial gait parameters (free walking speed [FWS], step length [SL], step rate), energy expenditure (EE) (e.g., oxygen uptake, oxygen cost [O 2 C]), and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Ten active transtibial amputees and ten nondisabled control subjects walked at self-selected speeds on three types of ground surface (asphalt, mown lawn, and high grass). No significant differences were observed between the two groups on asphalt and mown lawn. Differences between nondisabled subjects and amputees occurred for FWS (p = 0.03) and O 2 C (p = 0.04) on asphalt and mown lawn and for all variables in high grass. When amputees (even though very active) were exposed to a particularly difficult environment, their FWS decreased (p = 0.008) and their EE and RPE increased (p = 0.005) compared with nondisabled subjects. In high grass, both groups reduced their self-selected speeds (-15% for control subjects and -16% for amputees). Control subjects reduced their velocity by reducing both SL (-8.7%) and cadence (-7.1%), whereas amputees reduced their velocity by reducing SL (-17%) only.

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Effects of stride frequency on mechanical power and energy expenditure of walking

Cited by 132 publications

References 0 publications

The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

The metabolic and mechanical costs of step time asymmetry in walking

The basal metabolic rate and energy cost of standardised walking of short and tall men

Influence of terrain on metabolic and temporal gait characteristics of unilateral transtibial amputees

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