Effects of stress deprivation on mechanical properties of the in situ frozen-thawed semitendinosus tendon in rabbits

Hara, Noriyuki; Yasuda, Kazunori; Kimura, Shoichi; Majima, Tokifumi; Minami, Akio; Tohyama, Harukazu

doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(02)00148-1

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Most of our knowledge on the effects of disuse on tendon mechanical properties originates from animal studies and relatively short durations of experimental unloading, lasting 3–12 weeks. These studies show that even short‐term disuse may reduce the stiffness and Young's modulus of tendon to between 9% and 88% of baseline values 3, 18, 19, 24, 26, 32, 33, 42, 49, 50. Identifying any biological basis behind this ∼10‐fold interstudy variation on the impact of disuse is complicated by factors such as differences in the level of mechanical unloading between experimental models, baseline differences in physiological loading between tendons in a given animal, differences in activity between animals, and differences in the duration of unloading in absolute and relative terms with respect to the animal's lifespan.…”

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confidence: 80%

“…The present results are also of clinical relevance. Several in vitro studies have documented that reductions in tendon stiffness and Young's modulus are accompanied by equivalent changes in tensile strength and ultimate stress, respectively 3, 19, 32, 33, 38, 49, 50, 52. The relative difference in Young's modulus between the SCI and able‐bodied tendons would therefore indicate that the average ultimate stress of the SCI tendons was reduced from ∼100 MPa8, 11, 22 to ∼40 MPa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis

et al. 2005

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To gain insight into the adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis, we compared the mechanical properties of the in vivo patellar tendon in six men who were spinal cord-injured (SCI) and eight agematched, able-bodied men. Measurements were taken by combining dynamometry, electrical stimulation, and ultrasonography. Tendon stiffness and Young's modulus, calculated from force-elongation and stress-strain curves, respectively, were lower by 77% (P Ͻ 0.01) and 59% (P Ͻ 0.05) in the SCI than able-bodied subjects. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the tendon was 17% smaller (P Ͻ 0.05) in the SCI subjects, but there was no difference in tendon length between the two groups. Our results indicate that paralysis causes substantial deterioration of the structural and material properties of tendon. This needs to be taken into consideration in the design of electrical stimulation protocols for rehabilitation and experimental purposes, and when interpreting changes in the contractile speed of paralyzed muscle. Although tendons transmit contractile force to the skeleton, they do not behave as rigid bodies but extend under tension as dictated by their structural and material properties. 8,11,31,47 These properties are not static throughout the lifespan, but change according to alterations in the level of mechanical loading that the tendons habitually experience. 23,45,52 In the present study, we were concerned with the adaptations of human tendons to severe disuse caused by long-term paralysis. Most of our knowledge on the effects of disuse on tendon mechanical properties originates from animal studies and relatively short durations of experimental unloading, lasting 3-12 weeks. These studies show that even short-term disuse may reduce the stiffness and Young's modulus of tendon to between 9% and 88% of baseline values. 3,18,19,24,26,32,33,42,49,50 Identifying any biological basis behind this ϳ10-fold interstudy variation on the impact of disuse is complicated by factors such as differences in the level of mechanical unloading between experimental models, baseline differences in physiological loading between tendons in a given animal, differences in activity between animals, and differences in the duration of unloading in absolute and relative terms with respect to the animal's lifespan. These discrepancies make it difficult to assess the applicability of findings from in vitro animal work to in vivo human tendons. Recent advances in ultrasound scanning, however, have enabled the assessment in vivo of the effects of disuse on the mechanical properties of intact human tendon. 24,42 One such study showed that short-term unloading (20 days) as a result of bed-rest reduced the stiffness of human tendons by ϳ30%. 24 Longer durations of bed-rest (90 days) produced larger reductions of tendon stiffness and Young's modulus, reaching the level of ϳ60% of the baseline value. 42 This suggests that severe disuse as a result of several Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association; CSA, ...

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confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis

et al. 2005

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“…We hypothesized that extrinsic cells that infiltrate the devitalized PT synthesize and secrete type III collagen even in the environmental milieu of the native PT. To simulate tendon graft for ligament reconstruction, several techniques for the in situ freeze–thaw treatment of tendons and ligaments have been developed [5, 7–10, 15–17, 20, 21]. These techniques devitalize intrinsic fibroblasts in the tissues without surgically disturbing the anatomical orientation, the anatomical attachments, or the physiological tension of the tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is the increase in type III collagen of the patellar tendon graft after ligament reconstruction really caused by “ligamentization” of the graft?

Tohyama

Yasuda

2006

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc

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To test the hypothesis that extrinsic cells that infiltrate the devitalized patellar tendon (PT) synthesize type III collagen even in the environmental milieu of the native PT, we conducted the present experimental study using the rat in situ frozen-thawed PTs. Tissue culture showed no cell outgrowth from the tendons immediately after the freeze-thaw treatment. Analysis by RT-PCR showed that the expression level of type III procollagen mRNA in the frozen-thawed tendon was significantly higher than that in the shamoperated tendon at 6 and 12 weeks. Immunohistological findings showed positive type III collagen staining around cells that had infiltrated the necrotized tendon at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. In addition, the elastic modulus of the in situ frozen-thawed tendon at 6 weeks was significantly less than that of the sham-operated tendon. The present study indicates that extrinsic cells that had infiltrated the devitalized PT synthesized type III collagen at least for 12 weeks even in the environmental milieu of the native PT. These findings raised the question whether the increase in type III collagen of the PT graft after ACL reconstruction is really caused by ''ligamentization,'' the adaptation of the PT graft to the ACL environment.

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“…In situ frozen-thawed tendons and ligaments with intrinsic fibroblast necrosis have been developed to create an idealised tendon autograft model, which exists in physiologically mechanical conditions. [11][12][13][14][15] By using this model we have succeeded in isolating intrinsic and infiltrative fibroblasts from patellar tendon. 16 Our aim was to compare the rate of cellular growth and of cellular migration into the tendon matrix, and the expression of α 5 β 1 integrin at the cell surface between the extrinsic fibroblasts infiltrating the necrotised patellar tendon and the intrinsic fibroblasts in the normal tendon.…”

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Growth kinetics and integrin expression of fibroblasts infiltrating devitalised patellar tendons are different from those of intrinsic fibroblasts

Ikema¹,

Tohyama²,

Nakamura

et al. 2005

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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We compared the biological characteristics of extrinsic fibroblasts infiltrating the patellar tendon with those of normal, intrinsic fibroblasts in the normal tendon in vitro. Infiltrative fibroblasts were isolated from the patellar tendons of rabbits six weeks after an in situ freeze-thaw treatment which killed the intrinsic fibroblasts. These intrinsic cells were also isolated from the patellar tendons of rabbits which had not been so treated. Proliferation and invasive migration into the patellar tendon was significantly slower for infiltrative fibroblasts than for normal tendon fibroblasts. Flow-cytometric analysis indicated that expression of alpha5beta1 integrin at the cell surface was significantly lower in infiltrative fibroblasts than in normal tendon fibroblasts. The findings suggest that cellular proliferation and invasive migration of fibroblasts into the patellar tendon after necrosis are inferior to those of the normal fibroblasts. The inferior intrinsic properties of infiltrative fibroblasts may contribute to a slow remodelling process in the grafted tendon after ligament reconstruction.

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Effects of stress deprivation on mechanical properties of the in situ frozen-thawed semitendinosus tendon in rabbits

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis

Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis

Is the increase in type III collagen of the patellar tendon graft after ligament reconstruction really caused by “ligamentization” of the graft?

Growth kinetics and integrin expression of fibroblasts infiltrating devitalised patellar tendons are different from those of intrinsic fibroblasts

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