Effects of Stimulus Order on Discrimination Processes in Comparative and Equality Judgements: Data and Models

Dyjas, Oliver; Ulrich, Rolf

doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.847968

Cited by 46 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Terhune, L. Murray, and R. Cohen Kadosh, unpublished observations). This suggests that the observed effect is driven by the relationship between GABA concentrations and visual perception, which is consistent with research suggesting that the time-order error is perceptual (Dyjas and Ulrich, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, the standard intervals were serially sampled, thereby ensuring a stable representation, whereas comparison intervals were only infrequently sampled, so their representation was more susceptible to transient constraints on visual processing, such as GABAergic inhibition. Furthermore, comparison intervals are weighted more strongly than standard intervals in interval timing judgments (Dyjas and Ulrich, 2013) and such judgments tend to be made in reference to an internal reference (the average of comparison durations) rather than the standard interval (Allan, 1979;Shi et al, 2013). Accordingly, any contraction of standard intervals would not be as pronounced as that of comparison intervals nor would it be expected to substantially influence interval judgments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

GABA Predicts Time Perception

Terhune

Russo²,

Near

et al. 2014

J. Neurosci.

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Our perception of time constrains our experience of the world and exerts a pivotal influence over a myriad array of cognitive and motor functions. There is emerging evidence that the perceived duration of subsecond intervals is driven by sensory-specific neural activity in human and nonhuman animals, but the mechanisms underlying individual differences in time perception remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that elevated visual cortex GABA impairs the coding of particular visual stimuli, resulting in a dampening of visual processing and concomitant positive time-order error (relative underestimation) in the perceived duration of subsecond visual intervals. Participants completed psychophysical tasks measuring visual interval discrimination and temporal reproduction and we measured in vivo resting state GABA in visual cortex using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Time-order error selectively correlated with GABA concentrations in visual cortex, with elevated GABA associated with a rightward horizontal shift in psychometric functions, reflecting a positive time-order error (relative underestimation). These results demonstrate anatomical, neurochemical, and task specificity and suggest that visual cortex GABA contributes to individual differences in time perception.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABA Predicts Time Perception

Terhune

Russo²,

Near

et al. 2014

J. Neurosci.

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“…We determined the first moment of this comparison duration-RT function, using the Waveform Moment Analysis (Cacioppo and Dorfman 1987;Ulrich et al 1995). This moment represents the point on the x-axis at which the mean of a bell-shaped function is located (see Birngruber et al 2014a andDyjas andUlrich 2014, for other applications). 1 We used this procedure to infer the physical duration at which the participants were maximally uncertain about their judgments.…”

Section: Apparatus Stimuli and Durationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing a control condition in the classic oddball paradigm: Oddballs are overestimated in duration not only because of their oddness

Birngruber

Schröter

Ulrich

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Three experiments assessed whether participants perceive infrequent stimuli (oddballs) to last longer than frequent ones (standards). The classical oddball paradigm was modified so that participants judged the duration of a target stimulus which could either be a standard or an oddball. The target was always the fifth stimulus in the stream and all stimuli were presented at predefined spatial positions. These modifications enabled a direct comparison of duration judgments for oddballs and standards. In Experiments 1 and 2 not only the duration of oddballs but also the duration of standards was overestimated by virtually the same amount. In other words, the overestimation of oddballs was not due to their oddness but reflected a different temporal dilation such as the negative time-order error. In Experiment 3, all stimuli were presented at the same spatial position. Again, both oddballs and standards were overestimated, however, oddballs more so. The present results highlight the importance of comparing the judged duration of oddballs and standards when evaluating the size of the genuine oddball effect. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the occurrence of temporal oddball effects can depend on spatial features of stimulus presentation. Keywords Time perception · Oddball effect · Stimulus frequencyPrevious research has indicated that people tend to overestimate the duration of deviant stimuli appearing in a series of repeated standard stimuli (Birngruber et al. 2014a;Chen and Yeh 2009;Kim and McAuley 2013;New and Scholl 2009;Pariyadath and Eagleman 2007;Schindel et al. 2011; T. Birngruber ( ) · H. Schröter · R. Ulrich University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany e-mail: teresa.birngruber@uni-tuebingen.de Tse et al. 2004). Tse et al. first introduced a paradigm that revealed this oddball effect (OE). In this paradigm, participants were presented a stream of standard stimuli, for example small black disks, in the center of a computer screen. All standard stimuli were presented for a constant standard duration. At random positions within this stream, single oddball stimuli, for example expanding black disks, were presented for varying comparison durations. The participants' task was to judge whether the oddballs were shorter or longer in duration than the standard stimuli. Tse et al. observed overestimations of the oddballs' duration in the order of 35 %. This basic effect has not only been observed for expanding disks but also for stationary oddballs which only deviated from the standards in shape or color (Birngruber et al. 2014a;Chen and Yeh 2009;Schindel et al. 2011).However, follow-up studies have usually reported distinctly smaller OEs than those reported by Tse et al. (2004). In their original study, Tse et al. employed comparison durations that were mostly shorter than the standard duration. Such an asymmetric arrangement of comparison durations can result in the so-called asymmetry effect (Guilford 1954) and thus artificially inflate the size of the OE. Accordingly, Seifried and Ulrich (2010) ob...

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“…For one thing, the relation between PSE and GABA levels might be due to a subjective lengthening of the standard interval rather than a contraction of the comparison. Indeed, it could be argued that it is unclear why the GABA-mediated suppression would affect only one of the two interval types rather than leading to a contraction of subjective duration for both the standard and the comparison intervals and no net effect on PSE (notwithstanding that duration judgments may weight comparison and standard intervals differently, and/or be made in regard to an updated average of comparison durations rather than to a single standard interval - Allan, 1979;Dyjas & Ulrich, 2014;Gu & Meck, 2011;Shi et al, 2013). One speculative explanation is that GABA levels may mediate reduced neural responding to repeated stimuli, such that RS for the comparison stimulus is greater amongst observers with high GABA levels.…”

Section: Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%